daily language :: essays research papers

The way we talk and the language that we use is heavily influenced by the people we are or so all the time. Due to our as word formed culture, our population consists of many people who act and do things differently. This affects the way we talk to each other whether it be with friends or family. A person who grows up around a group of people who are very proper and spill eloquently tends to incorporate that into the way he or she talks. If a person grows up around people who curse constantly, obviously that person is going to grow up to use vulgar language. This is true in the case of Weaver, a M.F.A. view at George Mason University, who refers to his use of profanity in terms of self-identity, proclaiming, So I grew up into who I am (182). Scott Weaver grew up around his dadas baseball team who constantly swore at every chance they got. Because he was around them all the time, the vulgarity that he heard everyday was merged into his language. Scott Weaver said, I speak Engli sh adequately, Spanish horribly, and Profanity fluently. I thrive on it. I live through it. Im whole comfortable in class if the professor lets some curse words slip. Vulgar language is my home (182). In a way I sort of grew up with the same kind of peers that Scott Weaver had. I went to school at La Salle Academy which is predominantly comprised of African Americans who have no problem maxim the N-word to each other in practically every sentence. It is also happens to be an all boys school so with no girls for anyone to impress, the amount of cursing is out of control. Since I went to that school for four years, I have gotten used to all the cursing and have used it in my vocabulary as well. Although everyone around me would say the N-word it has never caught on with me. Since the word was so popular, Hispanic people would say it as well as white people who would try to act black. unless no one would have a problem with it particularly because it is cool to be black.I dont live or thrive on curse words myself like Scott Weaver but I use them a fair amount. Some even say that my cursing is multilingual. I speak English and slang fluently because most of my peers speak a lot of slang, as well as all the television and music that I am exposed to everyday.

Macbeth And His Wife :: essays research papers

The Changing Relationship Between Macbeth and his Wife. . . my dearest fellow of greatness . . . writes Macbeth to his wife when he receives the first three prophecies from the witches. The relationship between Macbeth and his wife is a complicated one. At the start, they seem as in love with each other as when they were when married, the language used by both is intimate and playful. However there is a darker side to their relationship. Lady Macbeth has a lurch of heart and refers to her husband as a coward when they prepare to murder Duncan. . . . I have given suck,and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks meI would, opus it was smiling in my face,have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you . . .Dialogues such as this show her darker side, the side that finally convinces Macbeth to commit the murder of King Duncan. It appears that Macbeth may even be afraid of his cruel wife.After the deed is done, she continues to lo ok grim upon him, My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white . . .She still thinks of him as a coward and mocks him about distressful about the deed. Her language and actions display this to us. She sarcastically calls him . . . worthy thane . . . Even though he has done exactly what she wanted him to do Lady Macbeth still ordain tease him. This is one of the reasons that drive them apart further on in the play.Apart from her feigning a feint, we dont see much of the lady until the coronation banquet. Macbeth arranges for his long time friend, Banquo, to be killed so the prophecy would not be fulfilled. When Lady Macbeth asks her husband what he was planning he tells her nothing, Be simple of knowledge, dearest chuck . . .This from the man who confided everything with his wife in the letter he wrote about the witches, already they have started to drift apart, and Macbeth has only just risen to the throne. Macbeth although outwardly confident that his pl an will succeed, appears to be afraid to let his wife know what he is planning, possibly he is afraid of her interfering like she did when they murder Duncan in his bed.

The Miracle of A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

The Miracle of A Dolls House In the play A Dolls House, Nora fits in a share of the littlehelpless wife whose husband numbers care of everything. During the play, shekeeps a secret from her husband that eventually leads to the destruction ofher marriage. When the secret surfaces, Nora finds out just what kind of bit she was married to. Maybe she always knew but now wants somethingdifferent in her life. A few years earlier her husband was terribly sick and demand to getaway for a while, possibly go south. With no money, he was unable to go.Nora wanted to do everything she could for her husband to help him get well. In auberge to do this she needed to borrow money. Unfortunately she madethe mistake of borrowing it and forging her fathers signature. This isthe secret that she hides all through the play from her husband. Nora believes Helmer will try to take the blame for what she hasdone. She thinks he will keep being the man that takes charge and fixesall problems that whitethorn come about. What she doesnt realize at this pointis that Helmer does not authentically care for her the way she has brought herselfto believe throughout the years of their marriage. Nora tells Dr. Rank, afamily friend ...You know how deeply, how passionately Torvald is in lovewith me. He would never hesitate for a moment to sacrifice his life for mysake. Later in the play Nora made the same mistake with Kristine Linde asshe did with Dr. Rank. In the following line Nora expresses her belief ofwhat Helmer may do Then you must testify... And I tell you this nobodyelse knew anything, I alone was responsible for the whole thing. Rememberthat These are two of the most chief(prenominal) lines in the play because theysignify the whole relationships meaning and underlying imagery. What Norathinks will happen when her husbands finds out is completely opposite ofwhat really happens. When Helmer reads the letter and calls out to Nora, she answers ski binding almost like she was expecting him to come running to save her. Whenshe says ... Let me go Let me out...You mustnt try to save me,Torvald , she clearly wants him to try and save her, playacting the role ofthe damsel in distress. Nora begins to doubt her husbands faithfulness when she tells himhow much she loved him and he responds with Dont come to me with a lot

Daniel Quinn’s Ishmael - The Destruction Continues :: Quinn Ishmael Essays

Ishmael - The Destruction Continues Ishmael The Biblical depiction of Adam and Eves "fall" builds the foundation of Daniel Quinns novel, Ishmael. In this adventure of the spirit, a telepathic gorilla, Ishmael, uses the explanation of Biblical characters in order to explain his philosophy on saving the world. Attracting his final student, the narrator of the novel, with an advertisement "Teacher seeks pupil. Must have an earnest bank to save the world. Apply in person," Ishmael counsels the narrator through a series of questions that force him to stretch his mind. Diving straight into Biblical allusions, Ishmael begins his lesson with the register of his evolution from "Goliath" (17) to Ishmael. He explains this evolution as a time of realization where he shifts from blindly accepting the infamous reputation of Goliath, an evil lusus naturae from the Bible, to the quiet, thoughtful being of Ishmael. After his brief history, Ishmael shifts his attentio n to the creation. "A culture is a people enacting a story" (41), and the story of the Garden of promised land opened up new thoughts on mans transformation from dependent to independent beings. When Adam and Eve began their lives on earth, they fully depended on the gods for all their necessities. Just analogous all of the other animals in the garden, they followed the philosophy of "leavers" and left the question of who should live and who should die up to the gods. However, the serpent, a member of the "taker" group tempted Eve with fruit from a tree that would give them the knowledge of life and death. Eve, which means "life" (179) in turn, tempted Adam with the fruit. Although pre-warned that eating this forbidden fruit would kill man, Adam fell into lure and his desire for life. Through this action, his eyes were partially opened to the gods vision. However, this knowledge ultimately would lead to the fulfillment of the gods warnings that &qu otthe worlds doom was assured" (166). After mans realization, he placed himself in a category separate from the animals and beasts that continued to rely on the worlds situation rather than themselves. An allusion to the Biblical story of Adam and Eves descendents, Cain and Abel continued the progression of mans shift from leavers, to what they ar now, takers. The taker philosophy that "the world was made for man" (61), epitomized the their obstinate attitude that the universe was meant to be conquered and exploited by humans.

Fire in a Canebrake Essays -- Literary Analysis, Laura Wexler

In her Fire in a Canebrake, Laura Wexler describes an important event in mid-twentieth century American race relations, long ago relegated to the closet of American consciousness. In so doing, Wexler not only skillfully describes the eventthe Moores pass over lynching of 1946but incorporates it into our understanding of the present world and past by retaining the complexities of doubt and deception that surrounded the event when it occurred, and which still confound it in historic records. By skillfully navigating these currents of deceit, too, Wexler is not only able to portray them to the reader in full form, but also historicize this muddled record in the setting of certain bigger historical truths. In this fashion, and by refusing to cede to a desire for closure by drawing easy but inherently flaw conclusions regarding the individuals directly responsible for the 1946 lynching, Wexler demonstrates that she is more interested in a larger historical picture than the single event to which she dedicates her text. And, in so doing, she rebukes the doubts of those who question the immenseness of bringing up the lynching, lending powerful motivation and purpose to her writing that sustains her narrative, and the audiences attention to it.This motivation and purpose atomic number 18 most apparent(a) in the quality of Wexlers writing, made outstanding by her painstaking awareness throughout the text of, firstly, such fundamental things as setting and the submission of characters, and, secondly, the overarching threads of, for instance, national and state politics, which set the larger stage for the story. In her text, Wexler briefly mentions a prominent figure in the NAACP, Walter White, noting his biting statements regarding the lynching a ... ...lusionsnot only in regards to who the lynchers were, but also in regards to the identities of the victims (230), and, worst of all, whether or not the issues central to the Moores Ford lynching have been settled, a nd are past. In these senses, conclusiveness about these issues encourages falseness, precludes justice, and makes the audience let go of things that ought not to be let goand this, short of the lynching itself, is one of the greatest doable wrongs (244). It is by refusing to conclude, then, that Laura Wexler achieves the greatest success of her outstanding narrative, and is able to successfully navigates the lies and deception of a muddled historical event by adeptly presenting them in the context of larger historical truths. Work CitedWexler, Laura. 2003. Fire in a Canebrake The Last Mass Lynching in America. Scribner 2004. Print

Fire in a Canebrake Essays -- Literary Analysis, Laura Wexler

In her Fire in a Canebrake, Laura Wexler describes an important event in mid-twentieth century American race relations, persistent ago relegated to the clo perplex of American consciousness. In so doing, Wexler not still skillfully describes the eventthe Moores Ford lynching of 1946 exclusively incorporates it into our understanding of the grant world and past by retaining the complexities of doubt and deception that surrounded the event when it occurred, and which still confound it in historical records. By skillfully navigating these currents of deceit, too, Wexler is not only able to portray them to the reader in full form, but also historicize this muddled record in the context of certain larger historical truths. In this fashion, and by refusing to cede to a desire for closure by drawing easy but inherently flawed conclusions regarding the individuals directly responsible for the 1946 lynching, Wexler demonstrates that she is more raise in a larger historical picture than th e single event to which she dedicates her text. And, in so doing, she rebukes the doubts of those who question the importance of bringing up the lynching, lending the right way motivation and purpose to her writing that sustains her narrative, and the consultations attention to it.This motivation and purpose are most evident in the quality of Wexlers writing, do smashing by her painstaking awareness throughout the text of, firstly, such fundamental things as setting and the introduction of characters, and, secondly, the overarching threads of, for instance, national and state politics, which set the larger stage for the story. In her text, Wexler briefly mentions a prominent figure in the NAACP, Walter White, noting his biting statements regarding the lynching a ... ...lusionsnot only in regards to who the lynchers were, but also in regards to the identities of the victims (230), and, worst of all, whether or not the issues central to the Moores Ford lynching have been settled, and are past. In these senses, conclusiveness about these issues encourages falseness, precludes justice, and makes the audience let go of things that ought not to be let goand this, short of the lynching itself, is one of the greatest possible wrongs (244). It is by refusing to conclude, then, that Laura Wexler achieves the greatest success of her outstanding narrative, and is able to successfully navigates the lies and deception of a muddled historical event by adeptly presenting them in the context of larger historical truths. Work CitedWexler, Laura. 2003. Fire in a Canebrake The Last Mass Lynching in America. Scribner 2004. Print

Theory Critique – Anderson

Anderson Anonymous Graduate Student Liberty University In what proves to be a compelling extraditeation of the Journey to spiritual freedom, Dry. Neil T. Anderson (2000) presents his theory of how bingle may be liberated from negative thoughts, irrational feelings, and habitual breaks in his book, The handcuffs Breaker. Anderson (2000) suggests the cause of a majority of problems which are discussed within the walls of a focal point session may get under ones skin roots in the super inborn. This critique will examine Andersens theory of instructions to combat the dark forces which cause spiritual affair within the mind. Theory SummaryIn his clarification of the nature of psychological problems and mental illness, Anderson (2000) places a high emphasis on spiritual warfare reminding the reader, For the weapons of our warfare are non carnal, exclusively mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds (2 Corinthians 104, KAVA). Anderson provides m either examples of c ounsel whom he believes have succumbed to the deceptive tricks of Satan, explaining what may have been diagnosed as mental illness is actually spiritual oppression or in cases of non-Christians, actual demon possession (Anderson, 2000). By drawing guardianship to parole in Palls letter to Timothy,Anderson illustrates his point But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons (l Timothy 41, NASA). Thankfully, Anderson (2000) provides a detailed method of obtaining daily victory over the spiritual forces of darkness by outlining what Hawkins (2010) would refer to as a method of discipleship counseling the seven steps to freedom in Christ. The freedom and protection which is afforded by the Christian is stressed, as well as the piazza of authority Christians have over the enemy.Freedom is accomplished by taking the first step of acknowledging ones dependence upon and affirming ones i dentity in Christ and renouncing past or present involvement in whatsoever practice, teaching, or ritual which could be considered demonic or non-Christian in nature. Anderson (2000) further explains, not only is it important to renounce non-Christian activity, but also to recognize and renounce instances of idolatry. Additionally, for minded(p)ess, submitting to higher authority, adopting a humble attitude, exculpation of sins, and concludingly breaking generational ruses is necessary.As every thought is taken captive and brought into co-occurrence and obedience to Christ (I. E. II Corinthians 105), the deception which has caused one to live amidst shadows, shackled by the power of the enemy, may be traded for truth, grace, and a freedom in Christ (Anderson, 2000). Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses While readers of The Bondage Breaker may consider the handling of the subject matter controversial, depending upon their background and experience in things which occur in the s piritual realm, Anderson (2000) does well in his presentation of he influence Satan has on the thought outgrowthes of individuals.A great amount of focus is spent on supporting(a) readers to grasp the main objective of truly knowing their value or self-worth in Christ. Not letting ones guard down is imperative. Once the enemy is assumption a ground into a persons life via a thought process, it can become overwhelmingly disabling to try to maintain a positive outlook (Anderson, 2000). In adopting the principles of The Bondage Breaker, the counselor becomes equipped to engage in spiritual warfare within the counseling arena (Anderson, 2000).Through the use of prayer, and warfare theology (Hawkins, 2010, slide 5), the annexation of freedom may become a reality in the life of the counsel. Anderson (2000) references the scriptures throughout and is careful to confirm his writing with Gods Word. As is it this authors opinion that Gods Word is the final authority, comfort was taken in the fact Anderson was thorough in his scriptural references (Anderson, 2000). In addition, Andersens (2000) explanation of demonic oppression was described in a way as to eliminate any sensationalism such as what may be arrayed in movies or books.Instead, Anderson presented the reality of Satins tactics as organism sly in his method of simply infiltrating peoples thought processes. Stories shared were compelling in their ability to illustrate the workings of the enemy in that respect (Anderson, 2000). However, as compelling as most examples appeared, a weakness in Andersens theory was that he placed much emphasis on what might be taken by some as the devil make me do it and not enough consideration that some psychological problems could be caused by environment or experiences Anderson, 2000).For example, a female client who presents with severe cognitive trauma over years of sexual abuse may not simply be deplorable emotionally because of a thought introduced by the enemy, but ha s some tough issues with which to deal based on her experience. While is it true our thoughts are responsible for our natural state as evidenced by Proverbs 23AAA For as he thinks within himself, so he is, (NASA), credence must be given to what happens in the physical realm. In fact, in one of the most celebrated books of biblical literature, Job is tormented by Satan, not just in his thoughts, but physically and materially as well.Job suffered greatly. He found himself depressed, sitting in a pile of ashes. By no means was his depression a dissolving agent of sin, as Job was called righteous (I. E. Ezekiel 1414). Perhaps he was listening to the enemys accusations, however, the catalyst for the depression were the events that Satan caused in his life. The wretched boils Job suffered were not a result of his inability to resist temptation, or reject the accusations of the enemy, as Anderson (2000) might have agreed, based on his presentation of other medical cases wrought his book.I n equality to the discussion Anderson (2000) presents regarding his client with multiple sclerosis, this author also lives with MS. While in complete agreement there are days when the disease process is made worse by thoughts induced by the enemy, the symptoms of the disease do not disappear simply because the thoughts the enemy incites are renounced. Andersens (2000) description of relapsing-remitting MS or the geek of MS where symptoms which seem to come and go (p. 4) are presented as being psychosomatic, or induced by the clients response to thoughts from the enemy. This author takes umbrage of Andersens (2000) assessment and would expect a more careful understanding of the science behind the disease process in spite of his discussion of the Two-Tier Worldview in which he states the spiritual world has no or little practical bearing on the natural world we have practically excluded it from our understanding of reality (p. 30). This brings up another weakness lack of empirical e vidence for the theory.Andersens (2000) theory may be extremely difficult to prove scientifically, therefore causing concern among the secular counselors who would be reluctant to purport any theory not backed by empirical evidence. While there is no question God is powerful enough to heal without the help of new-made medicine, care should be taken not to negate the members of the medical and mental health communities whom this author believes have been granted wisdom by God to be used in the healing process.Personal Reflection and Application Having been raised in a church service environment which taught members of the congregation to recognize and appreciate the existence of what may be occurring in the concentric circle of the supernatural system (Hawkins, 2010) or spiritual realm his author was familiar with the theory presented by Anderson (2000) in The Bondage Breaker. An appreciation for the three channels of temptation about which Anderson speaks had been in the forefront of this writers mind especially the pride of life, as it is believed pride is the root of all sin (Anderson, 2000).Looking back over the past, there was a time when pride was an issue in this authors life, yet it was unrecognized. On a Sunday evening church function during testimony time, this then high school student sat listening to stories of friends who were praising God for ringing them out of a life filled with drugs, promiscuity, and any number of other sins. The testimony shared by this author bestowed praise to God for keeping her from all the sins which seemed to plague her friends.Palls first letter to the Corinthian church warns, Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall (l Corinthians 1012, INKS). In Just a few short weeks as a college freshman, this writer found herself in a lesbian relationship. The inability or refusal to recognize pride allowed the enemy to gain a foothold into this future counselors life. That foothold eventually became a stro nghold. The end result was years of living in disobedience in bondage to a lifestyle of homosexuality which obviously managed to dally havoc on any previous connection shared between this writer and her Lord.Peace was impossible. After years of encountering the gentle wooing of the Holy Spirit, eventually, the conviction experience was too much for this author to bear at which time, the employment of Andersens (2000) seven steps to freedom in Christ was set in motion confession of sin, a willingness to renounce completely the homosexual lifestyle, repent, recognize the deception of the enemy and instead embrace Gods truth, forgive, submit to God, swallow pride, experience freedom, and finally receive the blessing.The process of moving from bondage to freedom in Christ was laborious, and physically and emotionally draining. However, the end result of a happy marriage with a loving economise and beautiful daughter, as well as the knowledge of living in right relationship with the L ord brings a peace like no other. The positional peace which once was evident when she became a Christian as a young girl, again was ruling in this authors heart as she allowed Gods Word to lie down there (I. E. Colombians 315-16). The process of embracing the Truth became a liberating friend (Anderson, 2000).Realizing in this day of tolerance and political correctness, the subject of homosexuality may be extremely controversial however it remains the belief of this author that one cannot pick and choose which parts of Gods Word one is willing to accept as truth. One of the reasons this author seeks to become a Licensed Professional Counselor is that she hopes to eventually work with young women who are willing to shed the blinders set upon them by the enemy of their souls who share a willingness to embrace Gods truth for their lives, and escape f life of sin.As work will be done when counseling individuals in baseball club to apply the principles set forth in The Bondage Breaker, this future counselor understands the process of sanctification is not an easy one. However, as Anderson (2000) reminds the reader, while never-ending the rewards far surpass the weight of the struggle. Reference Anderson, N. T. (2006). The bondage breaker (New and Expanded Edition). Eugene, OR Harvest House Publishers. Hawkins, R. (2010). The contribution of Neil Anderson and discipleship counseling. Lynchburg, VA Liberty University.

Joint Stock Company

Joint credit line Comp whatsoever connection A follow is an artificial somebody created by law, having a separate ratified entity, with a perpetual succession and a modal(a) seal. It is an affiliation of individuals for the purpose of earning profit. It has a capital divided into a function of administers, of which each member possesses superstar or more sh atomic number 18s and which be transferable by its accepters. Joint Stock party has been defined by m all eminent authors, jurists and institutions. Some of these definitions argon disposed(p) below According to L. H.Haney A c exclusivelyer-out is an artificial soulfulness created by law, having a separate legal entity, with a perpetual succession and a common seal. According to federation Act 1994 Company path a c every(prenominal)er-out motleyed and accounted chthonian this Act or any animate play along. Section 2(1. c) According to fountainhead Justice Marshall A play along is an artificial b eing invisible, intangible and existing notwithstanding in the eyes of law. The system of marijuana cig artte bloodline physical composition is very useful for large undertakings for which large capital is required.It is an unified connecter created by law, having distinctive bring out, a common seal, perpetual succession, hold financial obligation and so on operateed to wear on note for profit. Char put to workeristics of Joint Stock Company The most distinguishing characteristics of a joint stock smart set send packing be say as follows 1. Incorporated familiarity A familiarity is an incorporated association. It tot ups into existence only by and by readjustment under the Companies Act. 2. Voluntary association A family is an association of many persons on a voluntary basis. So, a partnership is formed by the choice and consent of the members. . Artificial legal person A play along has a legal personality and as such it is regarded by law as an artifici al legal person. A political party has the right to sustain and dispose of the property. 4. Separate legal entity A political party has a legal entity distinct from its members. It has an independent existence. 5. Common seal The common seal with the name of the gild engraved on it, is used as a substitute for its sig record. 6. Perpetual succession The company has perpetual succession as its existence is not change in any way by the death, insolvency or exit of any sh atomic number 18holders. . Transferability of sh atomic number 18s The sh areholders stinker transfer their components to any person of their choice. It enables a shareholder to increase or decrease his investment in a company at any time. 8. restrict liability indebtedness of the members of a express company is restricted to the smell value of the shares purchased by them. The personal property of the members female genitalsnot be attached to satisfy the claims of creditors of a company. 9. Separati on of ownership from caution The company is not managed by all the members because the number of members whitethorn be large.The authority to manage the whole affairs is conferred to elected representatives of members known as film directors. 10. Statutory regulations and government control The company is governed by the Company Act and it has to follow various victual of the aforesaid Act. A company has to comply with numerous statutory requirements. 11. Rigidity of objects The type of business in which the company would participate must be mentioned in the object clause of its instrument of crosstie. 12.Strict legal formalities to commence business In order to form a company, it is necessary to submit accepted chronicles to the Registrar Companies such as archive of association, articles of association, prospectus, list of directors etc. 13. Social benefits Company form of business enables demote utilization of available resources and thus ensures that society fix benefited. 14. Accountability to shareholders every last(predicate) the affairs of the company are to be disclosed to the shareholders so that they may come to know about the prospects and other problems of the company as a whole. 5. Public assertion The financial statements of a company are published every year. and so human beings evoke substantiate clear idea about the activities of the company so a company enjoys greater everyday confidence. 16. Scope for expansion A company is better placed as regards the facilities of the growth, development and expansion of its business. Memorandum of association According to Company Act 1994 Memorandum meat the history of association of a company as originally formed or as altered in pursuance of this Act. According to Lord Cairns The archive of association of a company is its charter and it defines the limitation of the power of the company. So we can say that the memorandum governs the kin of the company with the outside world and it is the foundation upon which the super-structure of the company is built. clause of Memorandum of association 1. mention clause The name of the proposed company is mentioned in this clause. The name of a company must end with the book of account Limited the word Public Ltd and the word Private Ltd. All the time of selecting the name of the company the promoter should follow the following things . The name should not be equal with the name of any existing company. b. The name should not create and impression that the company is carrying on the business of some other existing companies. c. The name should get up speech like crown, emperor, empire, president or prime ministers name. 2. Address clause The memorandum must contain the full address of the register office. 3. object lens clause This is the most big clause in the memorandum which states what the company can do. The object must include all the possible lines of business in which company is likely to be engaged.Usually this clause is so drafted that the company may enjoy wide fields for activities in future. 4. Liability clause This clause states the nature of liability of the members of the company. a. In oddball of a company limited by shares, members liability is limited to face value of the shares. It means that when the shares are in full paid up, members are free from any liability. b. Incase of a company limited by guarantee, the liability clause must state the intent of liability of each individual member in the event of its being wound up. c. Incase of an unlimited company, the liability clause does not appear in the memorandum of association. . Capital clause This clause states the fare of capital with which the company is registered or authorized to conduct business and the division of capital into equity share and druthers share capital should be mentioned. 6. Association clause This clause contains a declaration by the person(promoter) who signed the memorand um to form the company in a legal way for a legal purpose and to take minimum share of the company. Memorandum of association According to Company Act 1994 Memorandum means the memorandum of association of a company as originally formed or as altered in pursuance of this Act. According to Lord Cairns The memorandum of association of a company is its charter and it defines the limitation of the power of the company. Articles of association The Articles of Association is the second crucial document of Joint Stock Company. It contains the rules and regulations for the internal management, politics and transcription of the company Memorandum of association factors of distinguish Articles of association Memorandum is the fundamental charter of a Nature Articles are subsidiary to the charter. company. Memorandum states the relationship between Scope Articles contain provisions for internal management of the companies an outsider. the company. Memorandum defines the objects of the Objectives Articles define the rules for carrying out the objects company. of the company. Memorandum cant be altered easily.It novelty in the document Articles can easily be altered without the requires court education. confirmation of the court. Registration of memorandum is lordly Registration Registration of articles is not compulsory for a for any company. public company. Memorandum of association is based on the Application of rules Articles of association are based on the doctrine of doctrine of constructive notice. indoor management. It has no optional. Optional Public company may optional for table A for the incorporation purposes. Memorandum of association is always Misunderstandings. Articles of association can be changed in unchanged in misunderstandings. misunderstandings. Any work out of its subject matter is Illegal work Any work can be done beside it but in the range of illegal. memorandum. Memorandum definite the working area. Working area Articles are not any working area. It orders process. Dissolution means dissolve or close. Dissolution of company means to close or dissolve of any existing company. The process by which a company can be closed is called companys dissolution or winding up of a company. Company is an artificial personality organized by an individual organization created by law. According to 1994 company act, To dissolve or winding up of any existing company the activities of companys is called dissolution of company. A company is said to be dissolved when it ceases to exist as a corporate entity. C. B. Gupta Winding up company is a process by which its animateness comes to end and the pluss of company is utilize for the help of creditors and members. Prof. Gower In 1994 company act section 234(1) there mentions three methods of dissolution of company. These are 1. Mandatory dissolution by court. 2. Dissolution by own will. . Dissolution by courts supervision. 1. Mandatory dissolution by court S ection 234-1(A) In tidy sum the causes by which a company can be dissolved mandatorily by the law of court by the application of companys shareholders, creditors or companys registrar are 1. Taking decision of dissolution in special impact. 2. Failing to start a business in one year by and by the date of registration. 3. To close any company one or more year continuously without any legal reason. 4. Lacking of minimum members of a company according to law. 5. Failure to pay the loan five thousand or above. . Any reason of followings a. Inefficiency in direction. b. Related with illegal job. c. Facing loss continuously. d. Neglecting of shareholders or their rights etc. Based on above causes court can take the decision of winding up and recruit a liquidator who firstly distributed the asset between third parties and rest of between shareholders. B. Dissolution by own will Section 234-1 (B) Creditors or shareholders of any company can dissolve their business whenever they wish. In this circumstances, shareholders and creditors can winding up the business without taking any help of court.Causes by which a company can be dissolved by own will 1. Taking decision of dissolution in special meeting by creditors or shareholders. 2. Formed any company for pre-determined purpose or objective. 3. If any company is not able to pay their liabilities. 4. Direction of company is proved not profited. C. Dissolution by courts supervision Section 234-1 (C) In the circumstances of companys dissolution by own will by the application of any parties a company can be dissolved by courts supervision. Causes of dissolution by courts supervision 1.To take decision for mistreating with creditors or shareholders. 2. Collection and selling of companys asset illegally. If court takes responsibility of dissolution for any reason it recruits a liquidator to solve dissolution process. (Section 319) Share is a unit of capital. Capital is created by selling of shares or exchange. But, share can be different according to their price, rights, transferability, advantages etc. Mainly share is divided into four types. Such as 1. General share. 2. choice share. 3. Deffered share. 4. Special share. 1.Ordinary share Ordinary shares are those shares on which no special privilege is attached. In other words, all the shares except taste shares are called ordinary shares. It also known as equity share. Ordinary shareholders collect their profit subsequently distributing profit among the shareholders of the preference share. But, the rights, responsibility, duties etc. of the company are performed by them. All the shares except preference are called equity share. J. K. Mitra Some characteristics of ordinary share are given below . Ordinary shareholders induct their profit after distributing to the preference shareholders. 2. In case of dissolution of company they substantiate equal rights to get their assets. 3. They can take participation to direct the company. 4. They can take part in companys meeting. 2. Preference share Preference shares are those shares to which some preference is attached in terms of (a) payment of dividend, (b) return of capital. (c) both. In the first case, the preference shareholders are entitle to receive a fixed rate of divided before the dividends given to equity shareholders.In the second case, preference shareholders are entitled to get sanction their capital in priority to equity shareholders in the event of liquidation of the company. Some characteristics of preference share are given below 1. Rate of return is guaranteed. Thus, the amount of dividend to be received is certain. 2. Preference shares are better suited for conservative investors, who care more for security of investments and certainty of income. 3. The holders of this share get a fixed rate od dividend even if the company makes a larger amount of profit.Preference share can several types. Such as 1. Cumulative preference share Preference share are cumulat ive where the preference dividend, if not paid in one year is carried forward to win years. 2. Non-cumulative preference share The holders of these shares have no claim for the arrears of dividend. They are paid a dividend if there are sufficient profits. 3. Participating preference shares These share holders are entitled to participate in the surplus profits of the company in addition to their usual fixed rate of dividend. 4.Non-participating preference shares Preference shares on which only a fixed rate of dividend is paid, are known as non-participating preference shares. 5. Redeemable preference share The holders of redeemable preference shares can get back their capital at the expiry of a certain period or at the option of the company as may be mentioned in the articles of association. 6. unreformable preference share The preference shares that cant be redeemed unless the company is liquidated are known as irredeemable preference shares. 3. Deffered share The owner of those s hares get chance to take profit or to exchange capital after meeting.To bear the preliminary or other expenses company provide these shares in exchange of cash. 4. Special share Some special shares are given below 1. Bonus share Company cant provide all of its profit to shareholders. It deposits some part of profit at the reserve fund. When the amount of reserve fund is more than sufficient or in crisis of company the amount of reserve fund is brought to company as capital as like as cash and shares are distributed to shareholders. According to J. K. Mitra, Shares which are make dod free of address to the existing equity shareholders are known as bonus shares. 2. Right share Sometimes Company increases their capital by distributing new shares. Old shareholders are get preferences at the time of distribution of new shares. In this case new shares are divided among them by their profit ratio. 3. Non-par value share Non-par share refers those shares which are not fixed from the begin ning but it determines based on asset after a specific year is called non par value share. In Bangladesh it is not popular. Minimum subscription means the minimum amount of capital which a company requires for the starting of the business.The minimum subscription should be received within 120 days after the date of the issue of the prospectus. A company cant allot any shares unless the minimum subscription has been raised through the application for shares. If this minimum amount is not collected within the stipulated time period, the amount received from the applicants must be returned within the next 10 days (i. e. within 130 days after the issue of shares) The minimum subscription is to be fined by the directors or by the persons who have signed the memorandum. Sen. & Mitra Minimum subscription is the minimum amount which is the opinion of the directors or of the signaturories of the memorandum arrived at after due enquiry. M. C. Shukla The amount of minimum subscription is fix ed by the directors. Minimum subscription is necessary to cover the following expenses 1. Preliminary expenses. 2. Underwriting commissions on sale of shares. 3. Working capital. . The cost of any property purchased or to be purchased. 5. Payment of any money borrowed for the above purpose. 6. Any other necessary expenditure. A prospectus is a document inviting the widely distributed public to subscribe to the share capital of a public company. A prospectus is issued by a public company after obtaining the award of incorporation from the register. Document containing offer of shares or debentures for sale to be deemed a prospectus. According to company act 1994 section 142 A document containing detailed information about the company and invitation to the public subscribing to the share capital and debentures issued is called prospectus. S. S. Sarkar and Others From the view point of above discussion we can say that- 1. Prospectus is an invitation letter to public. 2. It must be served from company. 3. It is a complete description of shares and debentures. Finally it can say that to raise capital from public limited company issues prospectus.If the shares are divided between the partners past to start the business, partners should prepare an additional prospectus. To apply for commencement it is necessary to submit prospectus or additional prospectus. 3. Distinguish between Private limited Company V/S Public Limited Company. Private limited company Basis of differentiation Public limited company Two Minimum number of members Seven Fifty Maximum number of members Unlimited Restricted Transferability of shares Freely transferable Not allowed Raising capital from public Allowed Minimum-Two Number of directors Minimum-Three Maximum-Unlimited Maximum-A specified by the articles After obtaining certificate of Commencement of business After obtaining certificate of incorporation commencement. Not required Holding of statutory meeting and submission o f Required to be submitted to the statutory report registrar of the companies. Not required Filing of prospectus or a statement in the view of Required prospectus Name must end with the words Name of company Name must end with the word Limited. Private Limited. Two Quorum at the annual general meeting Five Need not retire by rotation. Rotation of directors Retire by rotation. Simple and cheap. Procedure for formation Complicated and relatively costly. No pauperisation to maintain Index of members Index to be maintained. Low protection Protection to members High protection. Possible. Ability to make quick decisions Not possible. Small Financial and managerial resources Large. Low Scope for expansion High. Not allowed. Disposal of shares Allowed. Less liquid. Liquidity of investment in shares Greater liquidity. 4. What is artificial personality? Joint Stock Company is an organization which is formed and directed by company act 1994. According to 1994 company act , Any Company is formed and registered under this act is called company. A company is an artificial being invisible, intangible and existing only in contemplation of law John Marshal Company is an incorporated association which is an artificial person created by law having a common seal and perpetual succession, Sherlekar and Sherlekar Artificial personality of the company means the personality as like as person. These are 1. Lawful It is formed and registered by company act. 2. Common seal It has a common seal which is used in all documents. 3. Lawful rights Company act gives some right to it. 4. Transaction by own name It can deal by its own name like other person. 5. Direction of case A company can able to case on another company like person. 6. Fixed existence A company is formed by law.So, it has fixed existence. From the above discussion we can say though company is not any person but it seems as a person because it is created by law. So Y. K. Bushan said, A company may be d efined as an artificial person recognized by law. 5. Who is underwriter? The person or organization who takes responsibilities to sale the shares of public limited company by an agreement is known as underwriter. Underwriter takes responsibilities to sale the shares of public ltd. company by a certain commission. If the underwriter fails to sale the shares consequently he takes the liability for rest of the shares. Functions of underwriter are known as underwritten. The term underwriter means any person who has purchased from an issuer with a view to, or sells for an issuer in connection with. Securities act 1933 2(11) A person who underwrites issue of stocks,bonds etc. Websters new World Dictionary A person or company that underwrites an issue of securities. Charles J. Woelfel From the above definitions we found some characteristics of underwriter 1. Underwriter may be any person or organization. 2. It can be performed underwritten activities as a part of business. 3. They pur chase shares, bonds, debentures etc. for a certain commission. 4. They provide surety to sale shares, stock, debentures of company. 5. They take all responsibilities though the shares are not sold.Finally it can be said that underwriter is a businessmen who helps company to collect capital by selling shares, debentures etc. 6. Method of solitude of company directors. Director of the company means the members who are voted for directing the company. They are also determined company policies and many other activities for business. Directors take their position by the vote of members, notice of directors, company act as well as government. To remove the director for its place is also maintain some rules. Such are given below 1. Special decision In special meeting, by the decision of shareholders any directors can be removed from his post. 2. Statutory removal In company act 108(1) is said, The position of director can be removed if- 1.If the director failed to gain preference share i n given time. 2. If the director is denote mentally sick. 3. If the director be 4. If he failed to pay the call money in between six months. 5. If the director was absent in meeting of board of directors without permission. 6. If the director make any agreement without the permission of board of directors. 7. If the director involved in any illegal work. 8. If the director involved in crime. 3. removal by government Director can be removed from his post by government and also by shareholders and creditors with the help of government. 7. What is an article of association? Articles of AssociationThe Articles of Association is the second important document of Joint Stock Company. It contains the rules and regulations for the internal management, administration and organization of the company. They define the power, rights and duties of directors or other officers of the company and regulate the relations between the company and its members. The main purpose of articles of association is to satisfy the object clause of the memorandum. Articles are the internal laws of a company. Article devise ways for the internal management of the company. Lord Brobene The articles of association are the regulations or bye-laws which govern the internal management and conduct of the affairs of the company. M. C. Shukla It must be framed within the items of the memorandum of association and provisions of the Company Act. A company limited by shares (Public Limited company) may adopt Table A a model-Article as provided by Company Act as its articles. But a Private Limited company or a company limited by guaranty must have their own articles. 8. What is security measures of commencement? A unavowed company can commence business immediately after the grant of Certificate of Incorporation.A public company cannot commence business until it obtains a Certificate of Commencement in addition to the Incorporation Certificate from the register of companies. At first public limited company submit a application to registrar according to Company Act 1994 Section- 4. If all the responsibilities are performed by public limited company accurately then registrar gives a letter or certificate to public limited company. The matters which are included in certificate of commencement are described at below 1. Name and address of registered office. 2. Issuing date of Certificate of commencement. 3. Date of Commencement. 4. Certificate no. 5. Office seal. 6. Name and profession of registrar with seal and signature. 7. definition of conditions. (If exists. )The Certificate of commencement is issued in favour of a public company by the registrar, only when the following conditions are fulfilled 5. Describe the advantages of public limited company than private limited company. Private limited company A private company is an incorporated body registered under the Companies Act with three important respective provisions in the Articles of association. Public limited company A public limited company is an association consisting of seven or any higher number of members, which is registered under the Companies Act. The advantages of public limited company over private limited company are described at below 1. Liability In public limited business the liability of each share holders are limited by their shares.But, in private limited company the liability of shareholders is huge. 2. Sufficient capital The shareholders of public limited company are more than private limited company. So, public limited company enjoys more capital than private limited company. 3. Membership In public limited company there is no upper limit to the number of members. But, in private limited company it is limited. 3. Financial resources Public limited company generally refers a huge organization. So, collection of financial resources is comparatively more than private limited company. 4. Economies of large cuticle production Huge financial resources lead to a phenomenal growth in the size of the company.Economies may relate to greater division of labour, specialization, more effectual use of resources, bulk purchase of raw materials at lower prices etc. Private limited company cant get sufficient advantages as like as public limited company. 5. Large size Private limited company is not a large size business. It generally open in one specific area. Public limited company is a large scale business. It has branches at all over. 6. Transerferibility of shares The shares of private limited company are not easily transferable. But, the shares of public limited company are simply transferable. 7. Perpetual succession Public limited company is formed by law.So, it the company is not being closed for the poor condition of shareholders. But, private limited company can be closed on its measurable condition. 8. Public confidence Public limited company is directly related with public. So, they can acquire confidence of public. But, in private limited company this poss ibility is not exist. 9. asylum of employment Pubic limited company is a huge company. So, the opportunity of creation of employment is more than private limited company. 10. Research Public limited company always tries to distribute their products worldwide. So, they always research to develop their product more and more. In that case private limited company is not so superior.Finally we can say that public limited company is more advanced than private limited company. But, private limited company has enjoyed some special advantages which cant be enjoyed by public limited company. Merits or Advantages of a company form of organization The following are the merits of a joint stock company 1. Accumulation of huge financial resources The company form of business help oneselfs mobilization of large amounts of capital for investment in industries. 2. Economies of large-scale production The company form of business can enjoy all the benefits of large-scale production such as minimum cost of production and maximum profit. 3.Scope for expansion A company can easily expand its managerial capacities and financial resources. It has great potential for diversification and growth. 4. Stability of existence The organization of a company as a separate legal entity gives it a character of continuity. As an incorporated body, a company enjoys perpetual existence. 5. Transferability of shares The shares of a public company are freely transferable. The shareholders are at full liberty to dispose of their shares to any person they desire. 6. Democratic control The company is managed on the principle of democracy. The boards of directors who manage the company are elected by the shareholders.The directors are responsible and accountable to the shareholders. 7. Managerial efficiency A company can secure the services of highly qualified persons who are experts in different fields of business management. 8. Stimulation to savings and investments The company is an effectiv e media of mobilizing the scattered savings of the community and investing these savings for commercial purposes. restitution companies, banks and other financial institutions invest their money in the shares of different joint stock company. 9. Tax relief The company enjoys greater tax relief as compared to other forms of business. Company pays lower tax on a higher income as it pays tax on the flat rates. 10.Diffused risk The membership of a public company is large. The business risk is divided among several members of the company. 11. Statutory regulation and control Formation and working of companies are well regulated by the provisions of the Company Act. These strict regulations safeguard the interests of shareholders and people who deal with the company. 12. Public confidence and popularity A company is guided and controlled by strict regulations and government control. These ensure public confidence and popularity. 13. Social responsibilities Due to the existence of th e company form of business, society is benefited in different ways.So we can say that the joint stock company constitutes an important advancement in the modern emerging commercial structure with its different advantages. Demerits or disadvantages of Joint Stock Company The following are the disadvantages of a joint stock company 1. Adherence of too many legal formalities The formation of a company requires adherence of too many legal formalities. The mental hospital and running of a company would prove to be troublesome because of complicated legal regulations. 2. Concentration of power in few hands Shareholders of the company have practically no say in the affairs of the company. The directors of the company become self-centred and they do not care for shareholders. 3.Excessive Government control A company has to observe too many provisions of different laws imposed by the government. 4. Undue speculation in shares of the company Undue speculation in shares of a company is i njurious to the interests of the shareholders. 5. Fraudulent management The promoters and directors may indulge in fraudulent practices. The unscrupulous directors may present a rosy picture of the company in its annual report. 6. Bureaucratic control Quick decisions and prompt action are absent in the management of a company. It makes a company an opinionated enterprise. 7. High nepotism In companies, employees are selected not on the basis of ability but on the basis of personal interest of the management. 8.Inflexibility in management A company cannot quickly adjust with the changing conditions in the market because of its complex structure and legal obligations. 9. Monopolistic control and exploitation of consumers Joint stock companies facilitate formation of business combinations which ultimately lead to monopolistic control and exploitation of consumers. 10. Social abuses Evils of factory system like installation, pollution, congestion of cities are attributed to the c ompany form of organization. Moreover, the close and cordial relationship between the management and employees is difficult to maintain. Formation of Joint Stock Company Joint Stock Company is formed under the Company Act followed by the country where the company is established.In Bangladesh a joint stock company whether a public or a private may be formed by registration under the Company Act 1994. The whole process of company formation in any country may be divided into three Distinct stages a. Promotional stage The process of conceiving an idea and developing it into a concrete of mold to be accomplished by the incorporation and floatation of company is called promotion. The number of promoter in Public Limited company who take necessary steps are minimum cardinal and maximum 50 in case of Private Limited company and minimum seven, maximum contains by share in Public Limited Company. These are four main stages in the promotional stage of a company ) Identifying the idea The promoters at first conceive an idea and identify the business opportunities. ii) stop investigations Detail investigations of a. Market condition b. Demand for the products c. Estimated cost of production d. Estimated profit margin e. Capital requirement iii) Assembling After a through investigations of project the promoters decides whether they will take risk or not. iv) Selection of the name of the company and submission In this step, the company prepare two documents a. Article of association b. Memorandum of association b. Incorporation stage When the promoters can finish the primary arrangements, they apply in prescribed from to the register of joint stock company.And along with the application, they submit with the register, the registration fee as per Table(B) of the Company Act and a feign of each of the following documents for the registration of the company. a. A copy of the memorandum of association b. A copy of the articles of association c. A statement of nomina l capital d. The address of the registered office of the company (selected by the registrar) e. A declaration to the effect that all legal requirements have been duly complied with. Incase of Public Limited Company the following document is to be estimated a. A list of directors b. A written contest of each director to act as such and to take up the qualifications shares.The registrar will examine all this documents and if he is satisfied that every thing is in order, he will then enter the name of the company on the register maintain his office and issue a certificate known as the Certificate of Incorporation which gives the company a legal existence. c. Floatation stage When a company has been incorporated it has to raise capital sufficiently to commence business and to carry it on with satisfactory. The Private Limited Company may obtain this capital from friends and relatives. A Public Limited company raises the greater part of the capital from the general public by issuing a prospectus. d. Commencement A Private company can start its business after obtaining a Certificate of Incorporation but a Public Limited company cannot. It must receive another certificate known as Certificate of Commencement.The registrar will issue this certificate on fulfillment of the following requirements a. Minimum subscription has been raised. b. The direction has been taken up and paid for their qualification shares. c. The prospectus on the statement in lieu of prospectus has been filled. d. A declaration has been made to the effect that all legal requirements have been duly complied with. It is to be noted that, a Public Limited company is to start business within one year from the date of receiving the Certificate of Commencement. Memorandum of association According to Company Act 1994 Memorandum means the memorandum of association of a company as originally formed or as altered in pursuance of this Act. According to Lord Cairns The memorandum of association of a comp any is its charter and it defines the limitation of the power of the company. So we can say that the memorandum governs the relationship of the company with the outside world and it is the foundation upon which the super-structure of the company is built. Clause of Memorandum of association 1. Name clause The name of the proposed company is mentioned in this clause. The name of a company must end with the word Limited the word Public Ltd and the word Private Ltd. All the time of selecting the name of the company the promoter should follow the following things d. The name should not be identical with the name of any existing company. e.The name should not create and impression that the company is carrying on the business of some other existing companies. f. The name should exclude words like crown, emperor, empire, president or prime ministers name. 2. Address clause The memorandum must contain the full address of the register office. 3. Object clause This is the most important clause in the memorandum which states what the company can do. The object must include all the possible lines of business in which company is likely to be engaged. Usually this clause is so drafted that the company may enjoy wide fields for activities in future. 4. Liability clause This clause states the nature of liability of the members of the company. d.Incase of a company limited by shares, members liability is limited to face value of the shares. It means that when the shares are fully paid up, members are free from any liability. e. Incase of a company limited by guarantee, the liability clause must state the extent of liability of each individual member in the event of its being wound up. f. Incase of an unlimited company, the liability clause does not appear in the memorandum of association. 5. Capital clause This clause states the amount of capital with which the company is registered or authorized to conduct business and the division of capital into equity share and pref erence share capital should be mentioned. 6.Association clause This clause contains a declaration by the person(promoter) who signed the memorandum to form the company in a legal way for a legal purpose and to take minimum share of the company. Articles of Association The Articles of Association is the second important document of Joint Stock Company. It contains the rules and regulations for the internal management, administration and organization of the company. They define the power, rights and duties of directors or other officers of the company and regulate the relations between the company and its members. The main purpose of articles of association is to execute the object clause of the memorandum. It must be framed within the items of the memorandum of association and provisions of the Company Act.A company limited by shares (Public Limited company) may adopt Table A a model-Article as provided by Company Act as its articles. But a Private Limited company or a company limit ed by guaranty must have their own articles. Private Limited Company A private company is an incorporated body, registered under the Company Act with three important restrictive provisions in its Articles of Association. A private company is one which 1. Restricts the rights of its members to transfer their shares in the company. 2. Limits the number of its members to fifty. 3. Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares or debentures of the company.

Effective resource allocation among the various economic systems Essay

Effective choice allocation among the various economical systemsIntroduction economic utilization of economic alternatives by different economic systems An economic system is scenario whereby goods and services produced in a country or an entity and the resources within are distri preciselyed within the existing subsystems. The subsystems in this context entail the combination of agencies, entities and consumers that make an economic structure of a certain community. Or the various sub structures within an entity. The interlocking competency within these subsystems is the one which makes in coifion and resources to flow between them. One peculiar(prenominal) of a subsystem is the utilization of resources between the involved structures. Normally the inherent attribute in resources is the fact that, they are scarce and as such efficiency is imperative for an economic system to survive with the little resources. In an economic view there are four defined factors of produc tion, which are, land, capital, labor and entrepreneurship. All this factors have the quality of scarcity, and unless gived efficaciously there is larking quality of disorganization within an economic system. The various economic systems in the world economy have their own way of utilizing these scarce resources. This essay will argue the characteristic of effective manduction of resources within curb, free endeavour, mixed and transitional economies. Also the essay will argue on effective resource allocation in private and common sector initiative and also private finance initiatives. In a capitalistic economy, the most crucial form of economic system is the free enterprise economy. This form of a system is free or rather shielded from government interference. The economy promotes free flow of ideas and implementation. This does not mean that the government is neer involved when a situation calls. Hence it is a free enterprise regime where there is a minor possibility of g overnment intervention. The inherent characteristic in this genial of a model is that, those who labor must gain. Ownership and creation of means of production is entirely left to the system. In this type the resource allocation is dictated by the commercialise price. If an individual cannot afford it, then they cannot access the service or the product. Hence it is like a form of a system that favors those who can fit. Though it has the capacity to make economies grow fast and large, it is normally a case of survival for those who are fit (Harrison, 2002). Contrasting that with a look across economy, this type of a system has its factors of production controlled by the government. on that pointfore, planning is belowtaken by the central government making it a planned economy. In this kind of an economy there are directives, rules, and laws to be followed. The bench mark is against a set target by the government. Governments that use this system do come up with a central plan upon which they base in order to allocate resources. Hence there is always a priority factor in resource allocation. To effectively allocate resources, the government simply identifies priority areas on which to allocate more resources than the non-priority areas. In command economies, there is a very efficient capacity to bring resources together. As such certain segments achieve a lot than some differents. A lot of one thing is normally produced and less of the other. This economy can utilize itself to come up with mega projects and spur innovation in areas that the government wants (Harrison, 2002). In the real world though, many economies find it easier to utilize the capabilities of free enterprise and command economy to allocate resources. This creates a scenario of a mixed economy. Hence this mix brings in twain the markets and government as the custodians of resource allocation. While markets depend much on living choices of the people, the government tries and force a llocations. This happens through the use of taxes and regulations. Both the institutions utilize synergy and hence co exists between each other when it comes to resources allocation. There are instances where in a mixed economy the markets are more dominant in resource allocation than the government and vice versa in other economies. Hence the mixed economy will tend to try and achieve equity while promoting economic growth at the same time. It is bringing the characteristics of both markets together to achieve positive efficiency in resource allocation (Nee, 1992). An economy can find itself in need of shifting from a command system to a free market system. In such a scenario the economy finds itself in a unique situation of transition. Hence it gets involved in a transitional economy. Transition is changing from one form to another. Transitional economy, changes from command to free market hence initializing a form of liberalization in an economy. Hence it attempts to allow mark ets to allocate resources thorough pricing and the government lays back. In this type of an economy resources allocation change drastically, there is an element of government control, but an effort to support free market. Hence it is characterized by dropping of trade barriers and privatizations. It falls close to a mixed economy but outside the maturity of a mixed economy. Hence in this economy the government still dominates in resource allocation and direction. It is a work in progress format of a system (Lavigne, 2002). Apart from the free markets system and command market existing, these economies can harbor other subsystems such as private finance initiatives or public private partnerships. These are entities whereby the public uses private sector to offer a certain service over a certain period under concessionary terms. Under this system this partnership utilizes resources by making a case for fair cost and transfer of risks to another party. This system effectively utiliz es resources by spread head risks and looking for quality service that is offered by the government. Hence the government will take care of funds and the private sector takes care of the rest. In other instances the private solely finances the projects. This partnerships frees some resources to be utilized somewhere else, achieving resource efficiency (Buyya, 2002). In conclusion all the types of economies have the capacity to effectively allocate resources. But the most efficient economy does not utilize one form of economic system. The best economies are those which utilize all the discussed economic systems above, apart from the transitional economy which is solely for countries that are shifting.ReferencesHarrison, M. (2002). Coercion, compliance, and the collapse of the Soviet command economy. The Economic History Review, 55(3), 397-433.Lavigne, M. (1995). The economics of transition from socialist economy to market economy. London Macmillan.Nee, V. (1992). Organizational dy namics of market transition hybrid forms, property rights, and mixed economy in China. Administrative science quarterly, 37(1).Buyya, R., Abramson, D., Giddy, J., &Stockinger, H. (2002). Economic models for resource counseling and scheduling in grid computing. Concurrency and computation practice and experience, 14(1315), 1507-1542.Source document

Apache Case Study

Apache Metals, Inc. Definition of the problem The main causes of the Apache is having are as follows 1- The late interfering of the Project tutor after the contract is signed 2- The forcing out leaders reach 10 forcing outs which make them a. Over loaded, b. Cannot interact with the client directly c. Cannot follow up coordination problems d. Cannot have era to suggest or modify the end product according to quality or client requirements e. Cannot control cost over run imputable to the miss communications with the client Apache should have lost many opportunities for new work The new approach Apache was taking can help Apache to have a good project managers but major points should be taken into consideration in developing the new company methodology 1- Giving authorities to the project managers to control costs 2- Training and authorizing the premenstrual syndrome to work as a company representative to make deals for new work with the same client 3- PMs should be aware of the f ull process of the manufacturing of the product The PMs should have experience The product Manufacture 2- The business development 3- Customer satisfaction 4- represent Control 5- Project planning and Monitoring 6- Risk management To fulfill all the above the company culture should be modified to be project based so there is team for each project guided by the project manager and the team / PM will be rewarded for the nest egg or panelized for the cost overrun. The project managers should be required to bring in a fixed amount of contracts to achieve a yearly target preset by the management for their job secure and bonus.IN order to achieve excellency we should allow for a full life cycle for each PM with child(p) him the full authority guided and supported by the company management and then monitor the cost and time impact. By the end of full 3 cycles (the time 3 full project take place) a decision should be taken by the management taking into consideration 1- The cost and time impact for the 3 cycles 2- The performance of the project managers 3- The quality of the products 4- Client satisfaction 5- New work which came in due to these pilot projects The decision should be a clear methodology of how Apache should run from now on.

Definition Essay (Definition of Good Student)

What Defies Us All throughout your life you here how important it is to study hard, stick out out of trouble, and to stay focused, plainly there is a lot to a greater extent when it comes to existence a good student and when the definition of good is of a favorable character or tendency and the definition of student is one who attends school, youre going to have a wide variety of definitions for what a good student really is. Also, is a good student the dupe that sits in the front, pays attention and works hard, but still struggles to keep a C plus average?Or is it the kid in the back texting away and still gets just as good grades if not better? Considering the perplexity of the subject it move be both and I believe it entails a deeper meaning than how intelligent you atomic number 18 in school. First of all, universe a good student has vigour to do with how smart you atomic number 18 initially. There be a wide variety of personalities in todays society which effects the w ay we learn and we find ourselves having different points of views on just about everything.Not only is that a huge factor in the way we behave towards our homework, but it also affects us in the classroom. No teacher can successfully teach a group of students to their full ability because of the fact that there are so many different ways in which peck learn best. Some clock times people might have completely opposite feelings toward the teacher and or the subject. Either way people are more inclined to do better in something that interests them. Another thing I believe we can agree on is the wide variety of mental disabilities that are more and more common in todays society. From A. D.D to Down syndrome there is an effect on your brain, but the way I look at is that someone with a severe case of autism can be a better student than someone with no mental disability. A lot of people with disabilities have to battle everyday to learn something that comes easy to most people and there fore some people would look at them as not being a good student for their intelligence, but the way some of them excel in certain areas makes me believe differently. In my eyes that makes my lazy procrastination appear almost sinful to someone with a learning disability, even though just about everyone is guilty of procrastinating a time or two.Another quality that plays a part in defining a well- instaled pupil is how much drive he or she has to complete the task at hand. No count what youre doing you have to remember that there is more than one way to do anything and there is a trick to even the simplest of things. It doesnt matter if youre digging ditches or dissecting a frog, if you pay attention and apply yourself you can learn the top secret tricks of your trade by learning how not to do it. Like when Thomas Edison mastered the light bulb he first had to find out about the thousands of filaments that didnt work before he found the ones that did.Another thing that makes being a good student so complex is when someone hears the word student they usually think of someone in a school type setting. In reality a student can be anything from a young baseball player to someone aspiring to be a famous artist to an engineer. Either way you are learning something and to learn anything well you have to be a good student. Like to go pro in baseball or any other sport you have to kick your own ass everyday to be better than the conterminous guy and a great artist or musician has to dedicate majority of their time to master the instruments of their art.Now we all know that its not to a fault much fun with your nose buried in the books all of the time, so therefore some of us tends to do some political partying to meditate. A lot of the time I think it is defiantly good to party down every at a time and a while and have a good time, just nothing too crazy. I believe it tends to keep us sane and a little less stressed while also giving us a break from that dreaded homework. Remember, I didnt say anything about a perfect student, so thats another sweet reason about being a good student.Also a levelheaded scholar can be wild and courageous sometimes and it doesnt have to be a party that he or she seeks refuge from the school work that is piling up by the second. They can go for a walk or go skydiving, but no matter what you do I believe its good to escape the seemingly never ending book work every once in a while, as long as you continue to be safe and stay out of trouble. It also doesnt matter where you are, there are millions of opportunities that await us every day and being a good student doesnt only effect how we perform in the class room.Like if you come on good study ad work habits, than things will tend to be easier for you in the long run. It can help us in wanting to hire every opportunity that could be beneficial to us, no matter if its hard or nerve racking. Opportunity happens in the blink of an eye and if you take ont mentally prepare yourself to try your best no matter what the situation, than you can miss out on a lot of life changing experiences. So whether you are a genius or disabled you should tend to challenge yourself to gain a larger amount of self-respect and the respect of others which can earn you the title of a good person let alone a good student.Overall the thought of being a good student isnt always how well you do in school and it doesnt mean you have to be the best, but you do have to apply yourself at least enough to life so that you learn something new every day. Even though a good student has a complex meaning I believe that it can be summed up as, anyone who tries hard to learn something new every day for the sake of learning and brightening their outlook on life.

Female Foeticide in India

What is effeminate foeticide?The act of aborting or terminating a foetus while its still in the womb, because it is female, is known as female foeticide. This endure be done after determining the sex of the fry before its born, through ultrasound scans. Although, sex determi solid ground in India is illegal, the practice is rampant(ip) and has become a multi-million dollar industry. Coupled with prospective pargonnts desperate for a boy child, and physicians who are carrying out these abortions, female foeticide has become a shameful and alarming reality of our nation. What is the main cause of female foeticide?For centuries, families across many parts of India have regarded a male child as the preferred of the two sexes. on that point have been many social, financial, emotional and religious rea give-and-takes for this preference and while times have deepend, many of these rea give-and-takes and beliefs continue to remain. Today, some of the key reasons that exist for the pref erence of a male child are as follows The tradition of paying dowry at the time of a daughters marriage is alive and kicking. This core can be so huge that many parents will go to extreme lengths to avoid having a daughter in the first place. A son is seen as someone who can earn and care for his parents in their later years, while a daughter will get married and go away.A son can carry on the family name, while a daughter becomes part of her husbands family. Girls are seen as consumers, whereas boys are seen as producers. Many families analyse it a status symbol to have a son, and a point of shame to have a daughter. Often, the pressure to bear a male child on the woman is so great that she herself might choose to get sex determination done and abort the baby if its a girl. Illiteracy, pauperisation and the tag of burden that is assigned to a girl child, makes the desire for a male child even stronger.Modern technology has made it very easy to rule the sex of the child while it s still in the womb, giving parents-to-be the option of aborting the foetus and continuing to try to conceive till they get a male child. While sex determination has been banned by the Indian government, it does not stop families from going to great lengths to find out anyway. Not only if are there plenty of scanning centres that reveal this information, many of the wealthier families fly the pregnant mother to neighbouring countrieswhere sex determination is legal, to find out the gender of the baby. once the gender of the baby is known, families that are keen to have a baby boy choose to abort the female foetus. The law on aborting is also strict, and the Indian government allows it only under certain circumstances.Therefore, by determining the sex of the baby and aborting it because its a girl, the parents as well as the participating physicians are breaking two major laws.What impact does female foeticide have on the sex ratio?Sex ratio refers to ratio of females to males in a habituated region. Practices like female foeticide and female infanticide (killing a baby girl after she is born) have had an adverse effect on the sex ratio of a nation and gives rise to further social evils. As per the Indian Census 2011 report, the sex ratio of India (females per 1000 males) is as follows Average India sex ratio 933Rural sex ratio 946 Urban sex ratio 900 State with highest female sex ratio Kerala 1058 State with lowest female sex ratio Haryana 861 What are the long-term impacts of female foeticide?The most important impact of female foeticide is the skewed ratio it gives rise to. The dearth of females leads to other complications like female trafficking, kidnappings and in increase in ravishment and rape against women. Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.

Reproductive Health Bill Essay

* House post-horse 4244 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive wellness, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes * Senate Bill 2378 An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development While in that location is general agreement about its supply on motherlike and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector go away shop and under wad widespread distribution of family cookery devices such ascondoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through wholly health trouble centers.On October 2012, a revised version of the aforesaid(prenominal) step was presently re-named to Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in theHouse of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming resistivity in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines23. The bill is passing divisive, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the roman letters Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, spend a penny been happening nationwide.Bill contenteditSectionsPhilippine Population Density Map. Darker areas mean to a greater extent population. The basic content of the Consolidated Reproductive Health Bill is divided into the following sections.1. Title2. Declaration of Policy3. Guiding Principles4. Definition of Terms5. Midwives for Skilled attendance6. Emergency Obstetric Care7. devil to Family Planning8. Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Crisis Situations9. Maternal Death Review10. Famil y Planning Supplies as Essential musics11. Procurement and Distribution of Family Planning Supplies 12. Integration of Family Planning and Responsible Parenthood Component in Anti-Poverty Programs 13. Roles of local Government in Family Planning Programs 14. Benefits for knockout and Life-Threatening Reproductive Health Conditions 15. Mobile Health Care Service16. Mandatory Age-Appropriate Reproductive Health and Sexuality Education 17. Additional Duty of the Local Population Officer18. Certificate of Compliance19. Capability Building of Barangay Health Workers20. Ideal Family Size21. Employers Responsibilities22. Pro Bono Services for Indigent Women23. Sexual And Reproductive Health Programs For Persons With Disabilities (PWDs) 24. Right to Reproductive Health Care Information25. Implementing Mechanisms26. Reporting Requirements27. Congressional Oversight Committee28. Prohibited Acts29. Penalties30. Appropriations31. Implementing Rules and Regulations32. Separability Clause33. R epealing Clause34. EffectivitySummary of major provisionsThe bill mandates the government to promote, without bias, all effective natural and modern methods of family prep that are medically safe and legal.12 Although stillbirth is recognized as dirty and punishable by law, the bill states that the government shall ensure that all women needing bring off for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate manner.12 The bill calls for a multi-dimensional get on integrates a component of family planning and responsible parenthood into all government anti-poverty programs.12 Under the bill, age-appropriate productive health and grammatical gender education is required from grade fiver to fourth year high school using life-skills and other approaches.12The bill in like manner mandates the Department of Labor and Employment to guarantee the reproductive health rights of its effeminate employees. Companies with less tha n two hundred workers are required to enter into partnership with health lot providers in their area for the delivery of reproductive health services.12 Employers with more than 200 employees shall provide reproductive health services to all employees in their own respective health facilities. Those with less than 200 workers shall enter into partnerships with health professionals for the delivery of reproductive health services. Employers shall inform employees of the availability of family planning services.They are also obliged to monitor pregnant working employees among their workforce and ensure they are provided paid half-day antepartum medical leaves for each month of the maternity period that they are employed.12 The national government and local governments will ensure the availability of reproductive health care services, including family planning and prenatal care.12 Any individual or general official who prohibits or restricts the delivery of legal and medically saf e reproductive health care services will be meted penalty by imprisonment or a fine.-Maternal health and deathsBirthing services are key to solvent maternal deathsMaternal deaths in the Philippines, according to the WHO, is at 5.7 per day,50 not 10-11 deaths a day, as per the proponents who repeated these numbers to drive home the point.5152 The proponents state that RH will mean (1) Information and door to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4) Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH (11) Prevention and treatment of asepsis and (12) RH education for the y outh.citation needed The Department of Health states that family planning can reduce maternal mortality by about 32 percent.17The bill is meant to prevent maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth, said Clara Padilla of Engender Rights. She reported that Daily, there are 11 women dying while giving birth in the Philippines. These preventable deaths could arouse been avoided if more Filipino women have access to reproductive health information and healthcare.citation needed Regarding these figures, Francisco Tatad of the International Right to Life Federation and former Senator wrote that If correct, experience has shown (as in Gattaran, Cagayan and Sorsogon, Sorsogon) that the incidence of maternal death arising from such complications could be fully mitigated and brought down to zero simply by providing adequate basic and emergency obstetrics care and skilled medical personnel and services, without any need for a law on the distribution of contraceptives.11The key to sol ving maternal deaths, according to the Senate Policy plan on reproductive health, is the establishment of birthing centers.7 The Philippine health check Association or PMA stated in their Position Paper that the goal of reducing the initiate of maternal and child deaths could be attained by improving maternal and child health care without the necessity of distributing contraceptives. The millions of funds intended for the contraceptive devices whitethorn just well be applied in improving the skills of our health workers in reducing maternal and child mortality in the Philippines.53 Magna Carta for Women of 2009There have been comparisons made with the 2009 Law called the Magna Carta for Women and the RH Bill. The Magna Carta for Women contains the following provisions in Section 17 and 195455 * Prenatal and postnatal care* Information regarding all types of family planning methods * Access to family planning methods as long as they are ethically and medically safe* Sex education* Obstetric and gynecological care regarding pregnancy complications and the prevention of AIDS, HIV, STD, and the like * Spouses have the right to decide to space their children The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Magna Carta directs the Commission on Women under the Office of the President to oversee that the provisions are employ by the Department of Health, the Department of Local Governments, the Commission of Human Rights, the Department of Education, Department of Social Welfare, Department of Labor, the Commission on High Education. In the IRR, it also states that in order for the law to be successful, the government should tie up with all LGUs so that midwives, doctors, birthing facilities should be put in place to take care of the health needs of all to ensure that we minimize maternal and child deaths. Because of these provisions, Senator Majority Floor Leader Tito Sotto said that the RH Bill is redundant.Family planningCatholic Church A large family is a sign o f Gods blessings (CCC2373) The Catholic Church teaches the necessity of responsible parenthood and correct family planning (one child at a time depending on ones circumstances), while at the same time teaching that Every birth is a gift from God every spick-and-span life, a blessing.57 The RH bill intends to help couples to have government funded access to artificial contraception methods as well.citation neededAccess whiz of the main concerns of the proponents is the perceived lack of access to family planning devices such as contraceptives and sterilization. The bill intends to provide universal access through government funding, complementing therefore private sector initiatives for family planning services, such as those offered by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which supports the Family Planning Organizations of the Philippines and the 97 organizations of the Philippine NGO Council.citation needed The opposition contests that Access to contraceptives is free and unrestricted and that the proposed law is pushing an open door.11They say that these family planning items are available to the citizens and many local government units and NGOs provide these for free. congresswoman Teddyboy Locsin argued, echoed by a Business Mirror editorial, that the poor can pass on condoms since they can pay for other items such as cellphone load. Opponents also argue that Philippine government is not a welfare state, and taxpayers are not bound to provide for all the wants and desires of its citizenry, including their vanity needs, promiscuous actions and needs artificially created by elitist, imperialist and eugenicist forces nor should taxpayers pay for drugs that are objectively dangerous (carcinogenic) and immoral. They argue that the Philippines should give priority to providing access to medicines that treat real diseases.1123Birth control pillThe UP School of Economics argues, in contrast, that there is lack of access especially for poor p eople, because contraceptive use is extremely low among them and Among the poorest families, 22% of married women of reproductive age express a desire to avoid pregnancies but are still not using any family planning method.13 They say that lack of access leads to a number of serious problems which demand attention (1) too many and too closely-spaced children raises the risk of illness and premature deaths (for mother and child alike), (2) the health risks associated with mistimed and unwelcome pregnancies are higher for adolescent mothers, as they are more likely to have complications during labor, (3) women who have mistimed pregnancies are constrained to rely more on public education and health services and other publicly provided goods and services, further complicating limited public resources, (4) families are not able to achieve their desired family size. Thus the UP economists strongly and unequivocally support the thrust of the bill to enable couples and individuals to deci de freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information and means to verbalise out their decisions.13 Proponents argue that government-funded access is the key to breaking the inter-generational poverty that many people are trapped in.AbortionAbortifacient issueAccording to the RH bill, one of its components is prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications. It provides that the government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate manner. It also states that abortion remains a crime and is punishable, as the Constitution declares that the State shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.66 Opposing the bill, the Faculty of Medicine of the catholic University of Santo Tomas, the Philippine Nurses Association (with at least 368,589 members), the Bioethics Society of the Phi lippines, Catholic Physicians Guild of the Philippines stated that the antiabortion stance of the bill is contradicted by the promotion of contraceptive agents (IUD and hormonal contraceptives) which actually act after fertilization and are potentially abortifacient agents.67Opposition refers to a 2000 study of a scientific journal of the American Medical Association, in which a meta-analysis of 94 studies provides evidence that when a common birth control pill fails to prevent ovulation, postfertilization effects are operative to prevent clinically recognized pregnancy.24 They also point to the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2005), which concluded that the IUD brings about the destruction of the early embryo,25 gum olibanum is deemed to kill five-day experient babies.68 The position of the Philippine Medical Association (PMA) is founded strongly on the principle that life or conception begins at fertilization at that moment where there is fusion or union of the sp erm and the egg and thus a human person or human being already does exist at the moment of fertilization.The PMA condemns abortifacients that destroys the fertilized egg or the embryo and abhors any procedure or medication that will interrupt any stage of fertilization and prevents its normal, physiological, uninterrupted product to adulthood.53 Jo Imbong, founder of the Abay Pamilya Foundation, reported that Lagman said in a House hearing that the bill would protect human life from implantation,69 and not from fertilization, noting at the same time that the Records of the Constitutional Commission state that Human life begins at fertilization.6970 After referring to many standard textbooks of medicine and human embryology to affirm this as true,71 the anti-RH bill citizens argue that the human embryo already has the complete genetic code and is thus a distinct human life beginning its own new life cycle. They say that the embryo is an individual, self-coordinated and self-organiz ing subject belonging to the species homo sapiens a human being by nature and thus a person equally worthy of respect.265-day old human embryo called a blastocyst, which comprises 70100 cells. editContraception and abortion relationshipProponents argue that research by the Guttmacher Institute, involved in advancing international reproductive health, reveals that the use of contraceptives can reduce abortion rates by 85%. Proponents such as 14 Ateneo de Manila University professors, argued thus Studies show that the majority of women who go for an abortion are married or in a consensual union (91%), the mother of three or more children (57%), and poor (68%) (Juarez, Cabigon, and Singh 2005). For these women, terminating a pregnancy is an anguished choice they make in the face of severe constraints. When women who had attempted an abortion were asked their reasons for doing so, their top three responses were they could not afford the economic cost of raising another child (72%) their pregnancy occurred too soon after the last one (57%) and they already have enough children (54%). One in ten women (13%) who had attempted an abortion revealed that this was because her pregnancy resulted from forced sex (ibid.).