Review of Articles on Childrens Developmental Theories

Attachment Articles Review We learn not just through being taught explicitly, but also through our growing trust in relationships that allow us to mimic and internalize certain behavior types. Childrens developmental theories explain how attachment is a major part of psychosocial development. Duhn (2010) explains how touch can help augment creation of more positive attachment models like secure attachment, while Brown, Manglesdorf, and Neff (2012) show important fatherly attention is in generating secure attachment as well. The first article is Duhns (2010) examination of the importance of the human touch in caring for children as they go through the cognitive development journey. Duhn (2010) first explores how discussions of the concept of how touch plays into facilitating cognitive development in children has been relatively lacking in regards to the larger psychological discourse. Other than the Attachment Theory presented by John Bowlby, there are relatively few discussions of how touch and physical interaction influences more positively cognitive growth and development in children. In lieu of these gaps, Duhn (2010) presents a framework that reviews the concept of attachment and how touch can impact attachment styles in order to augment the existing literature and increase the role of touch within the image of development. Duhns (2010) thesis is that touch has much more of an impact than once thought by researchers. In line with Bowlbys earlier theory, touchÃÆ' ©Show MoreRelatedEffects of Poverty on Children: Literature Review Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages This literature review of twelve previously published research articles has focused on summarizing some of the effects of poverty on children. The selected articles all focused on the major effect of poverty on children, and were sorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educational outcomes, health, and parenting effects, and how they were impacted by children living in povertyRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1553 Words   |  7 Pagesof Alabama in Birmingham Abstract This literature review of twelve previously published research articles has focused on summarizing some of the effects of poverty on children. The selected articles all focused on the major effect of poverty on children, and were sorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educational outcomes, health, and parenting effects, and howRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1554 Words   |  7 Pagesof Alabama in Birmingham Abstract This literature review of twelve previously published research articles has focused on summarizing some of the effects of poverty on children. The selected articles all focused on the major effect of poverty on children, and were sorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educational outcomes, health, and parenting effects, and howRead MoreDevelopment Of New Qris Systems1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmore extensive literature was found for state QRIS systems. In addition to empirical articles on the topic, multiple reviews have been conducted examining the validation of QRIS in an effort to inform the development of new QRIS systems being implemented in other states (Karoly, 2014). Given our focus on relating QRIS to other measures of quality and children’s outcomes, our final sample included 16 articles. The following will present the results of those studi es as they relate to three key questionsRead MoreEssay On Autism727 Words   |  3 Pagesreference range used for the search was restricted to published articles from 2012-2017 and the use of selective keywords, such as: autism, pet therapy, animal-assisted, disability, children, and benefits of pet therapy. The abstracts of many scholarly journals were analyzed to determine if the criteria of the research question was met. As a result of the conducted research, 1 systematic review and 5 primary sources were chosen for the review of literature. Primary Sources Ward et al. (2013) conductedRead MoreHealth And Treatment Of Pediatric Patients1502 Words   |  7 Pagesprove these points this review will look at five studies that cover various topics of atraumatic care. Atraumatic care should be the basis of treatment for pediatric patients. It is described by Huff as follows: â€Å"Atraumatic care is the provision of therapeutic care utilized in healthcare settings that eliminates or minimizes the psychological and physical distress experienced by children and families† (Huff, pp. 65). The points that will be discussed in depth in this review are; the use of EutecticRead MoreLanguage And Cognitive Development Based On A Longitudinal Study1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe following is a review of the article â€Å"New Evidence About Language and Cognitive Development Based on a Longitudinal Study: Hypotheses for Intervention† (Goldin-Meadow et al., 2014). The article discusses the research that was done on language learning in toddlers. I will summarize the purpose of the research, the methods used, and an interpretation of the findings. I will then discuss the findings in relation to developmental theories as discussed by Berger (2014). I will conclude with a reflectionRead Moreexample of a critical review 1134 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿PL4S111 Example: Critical Review of a Journal Article Article: Carroll, J. (2002). Play Therapy: the children’s views, Child and Family Social Work, 7, pg 177-187 This article is recent, published within a peer-reviewed journal. The author-conducted research is empirical, qualitative and phenomenologically designed, uniquely enabling children to describe their play therapy experiences and identify factors that influence these experiences. The article’s title clarifies the project’s purpose of elicitingRead MoreGender Differences On Negative Emotions During The Childhood And Adolescence Stages Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong and calm, showing anger if necessary† (Chaplin Aldao, 2013). Before this study, there were only empirical reviews of happiness expression. There has been no empirical review of gender differences on negative emotions during the childhood and adolescence stages. â€Å"Learning is a key feature of healthy social emotional development† (Chaplin Aldao, 2013). As stated in the article, an infant communicates through a series of emotions when it needs something, like when the child is hungry or whenRead MorePoverty Influences Children s Early Brain Development1521 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty Influences Children’s Early Brain Development Children have been the topic of many research studies and debates throughout history. Scientists, educators, social workers and teachers have debated the importance of nature and nurture in children s development. Our ideas of children are shaped greatly by the portrayal of children through media. Producers, journalists, and writers have the power to either portray children as passive or active agents in their development of social, academic

Case Study 1- Surviving Greens cape’s Hard Times Essay

CONTENT Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Case Study 1- Surviving Greens cape’s Hard Times†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........1 LO1- Understand The Relationship Between Organisational StructureCulture†¦2 1.1 Different type of Organizational Culture and Culture at Greenscape†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 The Relationship Between Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........3 1.3 Factors Influencing The Behaviour of Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Case Study 2- Right Boss, Wrong Company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........5 LO2- Understand Different Approaches To Management and Leadership.......†¦..5 2.1 Effectiveness of leadership Style of Worthy and Hogan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 2.2 The Managerial†¦show more content†¦2. Person cultures are opportunity for employees to create their own move and skills. 2. Task culture got a structure in a business that is established on skills and knowledge of the company employees. 3. Power culture has the ability to make changes in the environment this is decided by the understanding and ability of people who are busy with the place of power in it. 4.The power culture has more acceptance in a singular person than a group working on a project because it can change very quickly. 3. A role culture may not be very suitable for organisations because with less employees when someone needs to be taking on a variety of tasks and responsibilities. 4. A role culture organisation may find it hard to change when its employees are operated by procedures. 3.Person cultures also got things like firms, when the organisation sells the skill of its employees this will create a require for employees to change continuous professional development. 4. Been given to be strengthen work of a simple nature. 3. All employees are together as a team to solve any problems. 4. Task culture also been given to be in a high place in work of a predictive and simple nature. 1 Charles Handy also made a connection between the cultures and with the most suitable leadership style: Cultures Leadership Style Power

Apples Eat Themselves, Law421 Free Essays

Article Review LAW 421 March 25, 2013 University of Phoenix Material Article Review Format Guide MEMORANDUM UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX DATE: March 25, 2013 TO: Timothy Morris FROM: Debra Aguilar, Brady Benton, Karena Busch, Stephanie Hudson, and Rachel Wichert RE: Apples Eat Themselves ARTICLE SYNOPSIS A review of the legal battles between Apple, a computer company and Apple, a record company, are discussed in this article. Both share a similar logo (an apple) and since 1991, the companies have gone to court to claim the Apple logo should only be unique to one company. In 1991 the Court agreed for each company to continue to use the Apple logo but now, the record company has accused the computer company of not conforming to the terms of the agreement. We will write a custom essay sample on Apples Eat Themselves, Law421 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1980, George Harrison noticed an apple in an ad for computers. He thought this infringed upon Apple, the Beatles Record company trademark and filed suit. In 1981, Apple Computer agreed to stay out of the music business. In 1991, Apple Corp. filed suit against Apple Computer for trademark infringement again and settled out of court for 26. 5 million dollars. The two companies divided up the apple universe, indicating where each could use the apple symbol. In 2001, Apple Computer introduced online iTunes Music Store which had a huge impact on the music retail industry. In 2003, Apple Corp. again sued Apple Computer stating music was being stolen from them. Apple Computer was protected because downloads of music are comprised of digital data, and the distribution of digital entertainment content is permitted in the 1991 agreement. Apple computer, now looking from the other side of the dispute, may have issues protecting its own trademark because of current legal action that would force them to share copyright protection software with other companies. The Computer Giant would be forced to make downloads sold on their site playable on any device, not just its own iPod products. This would result in wide open competition, something Apple Computer has not faced before. The reason Apple Corp sued Apple Computer over thirty years ago was to protect its trademark, and now Apple Computer may find itself in the same situation. LEGAL ISSUE Apple Corp and Apple Computer have had their share of trademark issues. It’s been about thirty years that Apple Corp and Apple Computers litigated a dispute involving the use of the â€Å"Apple† name as a trademark and its association with music. In 1978 Apple Corp filed a law suit against Apple Computers (Apple Inc) for trademark infringement and eventually agreed to a settlement about two years later with Apple Computer paying out a mass amount to Apple Corps. The legal issue Apple Corps raised is that Apple Computer is involved in the music business and that in the 1991 agreement Apple Computer agreed to stay away from the sound recording industry, committing trademark infringement. In 2001 Apple computer released the iPod as a hardware device that can be used to download and play software like music from iTunes. ITunes was released in 2003. Apple Corps claims that Apple Computer is involved in the sound recording industry by the use of the iPod and the music downloads from iTunes that is in violation of the 1991 agreement in which Apple Computer would not have any business dealings that had to do with the sound recording industry. The High Court ruled that, â€Å"The Apple Computer hadn’t breached the terms of the agreement and could continue to operate their computer business as usual. †(BBC News, 2006). For years Apple Inc has battled with Apple Corp over trademark issues. In 2007, they finally reached a settlement that determined Apple Inc. would own all trademarks and logos related to the name â€Å"Apple† and would license them accordingly to the Apple Corps music company (Tibken, 2012). During the time of the agreement, Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs commenting on the settlement stated â€Å"We love The Beatles, and it has been painful being at odds with them over these trademarks. † Jobs added that â€Å"it feels great to resolve this in a positive manner, and in a way that should remove the potential of further disagreements in the future. MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE The legal issues in this article can affect the business deeply. The main factor is the loss they can occur in sales due to the music company saying they are not following the contract they have put forth. This shows customers and people of the world that their company is not trust worthy in all aspects of their business. In many circumstances this can stop people from buyin g their products until the situation is over and they find out the truth. The issue is that it could take weeks or months to finish the lawsuit. The problems that have happened with Apple the computer company could have been avoided if they took the correct steps allocated in their agreement with Apple the music company. The first step they should have taken was to sit down and have a business meeting with the representatives from the music company and explain to them what they wanted to do so that the contract could be altered. Instead they did it without coming to an agreement first, which disrespected the music company. Legally this is what should have happened so that the contract was followed and no one broke the contract illegally. References Macklem, K. (2006, Apr 10). Apples eat themselves. Maclean’s, 119, 30-30. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/218528830? accountid=35812 Tibken, S. (2012). Apple now officially owns Beatles’ Apple Corps logo. Retrieved from http://news. cnet. com/8301-13579_3-57540017-37/apple-now-officially-owns-beatles-apple-corps-logo/ BBC News. (2006, May 08). News: Front Page. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from Beatles lose News: Apple Court Battle. Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/entertainment/4750533. stm How to cite Apples Eat Themselves, Law421, Papers

Laboratory – Professional Work Experience

Question: Describe about the Laboratory Professional Work Experience of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney? Answer: The clinical experience relates to the learning and skills acquired during the professional tenure at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. The experience in Central Specimen Reception (CSR), Biochemistry Laboratory, Blood Bank and Anatomical Pathology departments of the hospital provided an insight of the various clinical perspectives in context to the methodology adopted during numerous medical investigation processes executed within the hospital premises. The preliminary intent of these laboratory processes relates to the evaluation and identification of the potential disease mechanisms and their manifestations with respect to the etiology and prognostic factors. The execution of various laboratory interventions in the role of clinical analyst provided an opportunity to understand the criteria, requirements, context, protocols and risk factors associated with the clinical investigation methods practiced within the hospital confinement. Additionally, the clinical experience provided opportunities to evaluate the ethical concerns, health insurance protocols, revenue cycle management and safety parameters in context to the operational processes related to the health care system. The biochemistry laboratory department caters the requirements for conducting various clinical investigative services following the physicians recommendation. The antibody screening procedures, including immunoassays in the lab employed to investigate the etiology in context to the infectious processes invading the human body. The major challenge encountered in proceeding with the enzymatic and antibody identification protocols relates to the selection of the pure antigen to acquire specificity in the antiglobulin analysis (Wild, 2005:p. 153). The learning outcome pertaining to the immunoassay protocol includes the acquisition of the skills related to storage and purification of the specimen for efficient processing to obtain accurate results from the sample analysis. The hematological investigative procedures including antigen typing rendered in the blood bank assists in evaluating Rh profile of the individuals in context to the studied specimen (Ochei Kolhatkar, 2000:p.359). The p atterns of Rh antibodies of the studied population determine immunochemistry of the blood samples helpful during the blood transfusion processes. The ABO and RH grouping methods learned during the tenure in hospital attribute to analyzing the serology in context to the haemolytic conditions of the patients (Lockyer, 1982:p.37). The management of the clinical record pertaining to the analysis of hematological studies and discrepancy management between the outcomes of the ABO and Rh (D) analysis are some of the key skills acquired while working in the blood bank. The execution of master titration procedures acquired in immunohaematological evaluation for determining haemolytic conditions include the techniques warranting careful dilution of samples and use of appropriate pipette under optimal conditions for precisely conceiving the titration measurements to confirm or rule out haemolytic abnormality (Sood, 2006:p.17). The cold agglutinin-screening exam in the blood banks assists in id entifying the pathophysiology of anaemia and cold agglutinin disorder patterns among the affected patients (Hillyer, 2007:p.564). The capacity to efficiently explore and analyze the functionality of the complement systems on the blood cells membranes and clinically correlating the findings with the probability of the haemolytic condition proved to be the potential learning outcome of this laboratory evaluation protocol. The mechanism of step down units in blood bank refers to rendering supporting services in cases of urgently required blood transfusions. The compatibility testing methodology employed in identifying the cross matches between blood samples to determine the potential candidates for blood transfusion (Blaney Howard 2013:p.188). The greatest challenge encountered during the compatibility testing includes the identification of potential matches in emergency conditions. Additionally, the quality control measures to retain the precision of the compatibility testing outcome s require following the Unites States Food and Drug Administration standards in the identification of agglutination vs. lack of agglutination patterns in the hematological samples. The precise analysis from the compatibility testing assists the clinicians in preventing administration of incompatible blood transfusions leading to severe fatalities or life threatening morbidities among the affected patients. Therefore, the skills acquired during the compatibility testing facilitate to minimize the health risk among patients requiring blood transfusions for treating various haematological conditions. The techniques including antibody adsorption and elution are clinically significant in determining the hematological disorders and selection of patients for blood transfusions (Shaz et al, 2013:p.136). The Rh phenotyping techniques practiced at the blood bank and biochemistry lab of the hospital assists in analyzing the sensitivity and specificity patterns of the blood samples in context t o various antigens tested during the phenotypic analysis (Whitlock, 2010:p.115-118). This methodology further assists in determining the autoimmune manifestations and hematological incompatibilities among the patients requiring immunological analysis. The experience in anatomical pathology department of the hospital relates to acquiring skills and competence in undertaking gross histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen. The surgical pathological services rendered in the anatomical pathology department include various tissue biopsies, microanalysis of the tissue samples, microtomy protocols, immunofluorescence staining, embedding technique (frozen section), decalcification, tissue processing, staining of samples, waste disposal, Faxitron X-Ray and urgent specimen analysis. The clear understanding in terms of practicing hygiene and protective measures in the pathology department highly warranted for reducing any risk pertaining to health challenges and inadvertent conditions at the workplace. Indeed, provision of proper ventilation within operational premises and air monitoring protocols requiring strategic execution to ascertain risk free processing of the tissue samples within the confinements of the pathology departmen t. The tissue biopsy techniques warrant execution of the correct sampling protocols and recommended staining procedures to ascertain the precision of study outcomes from the sample analysis (WSAVA Liver Stadardization Group, 2006:p.12-14). The most important challenge in context to the histopathological analysis related to proper handling of the specimens, accurate numbering and delivery to the correct destination. Indeed, mishandling or improper care of the specimens may result in haemolysis leading to inaccurate outcomes (Hopkins, 2009:p.10-11). Furthermore, retrieving blood cultures in improper timings by inefficient staff predisposes them to contamination, thereby leading to the generation of imprecise outcomes affecting the clinical diagnosis. Indeed, the clinical skills pertaining to tissue sectioning or microtomy based on acquisition of advanced techniques for affectively detaching the study sample though the cutting instrument for microscopic analysis (Suvarna et al, 2008:p. 125). Adequate knowledge of the sampling technique and application of various microtome devices and section adhesives clinically warranted to ascertain precision in rendering the study samples for their consequent analysis. The skills related to immunofluorescence staining are helpful in facilitating preparation of cell culture and hematologic smears for their methodological analysis in context to generating accurate study outcomes (Bancroft, 2008:p.582). The embedding technique practiced in the pathology department adopted to fixate the tissue specimen in a recommended medium (including formaldehyde and paraffin) and subsequently freezing the study sample in terms of frozen section for analysis (Peters, 2010:p. 38). The embedding technique requires execution in such a manner to prevent any scope of contamination of sample during the dispensing and pre-freezing processes. However, the decalcification procedure in the pathology laboratory performed while employing Stewarts fluid for the cross sectional analysis of the study specimen (Culling, 194:p.66). The intent of undertaking tissue decalcification procedure relates to attaining enhancement in staining reactions for generating precision in context to the outcomes of the sample analysis. The utility of the Faxitron X-Ray modality in the anatomical pathology department practiced with the intent to undertake the radiological analysis of the human musculoskeletal structure for evaluating underlying fractures or other structural bony abnormalities (White Folkens, 2005:p.353). In fact, the health and safety parameters while working in the laboratory environment in hospital attributed to practicing protective measures in context to handling of the study samples and avoiding any possible exposure of tissue fluids to the potential employees for avoiding predisposition of the laboratory staff toward various disease challenges. Furthermore, the work premises including laboratory and pathology departments and blood banks vigilantly monitored by occupational safety and health protocols to ascertain health and safety of the laboratory staff during the operational hours (Hill Finster, 2010). The legal policies related to the regulation of the hazardous waste products in the hospital premises executed stringently to ascertain implementation of adequate disposal mechanisms for preventing prevalence of communicable diseases and toxic pathophysiological manifestations among the healthcare workers. Additionally, the employees working in the radiology department governe d by the radioactive materials jurisdiction act to avoid exposure of the injurious radiations, while rendering investigation services within the operational confinements. The effective implementation of the policies and procedures recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the hospitals departments ensures the prevention of unwanted exposure of tissue specimen, infectious organism or other etiological factors to the healthcare workers within the operational premises. The proactive approaches in context to the execution of necessary remedial action in emergencies and epidemics following the state federal laws devised for the entire hospital departments with the intent to prevent the risk of injuries and infections following the inadvertent circumstances. The implementation of guiding principles for handling the study specimen with desirable care and caution to avoid the predisposition of any untoward event during specimen storage and transport by the hospi tal workers ensures the effective utilization of protective strategies by the hospital administration in efficiently tackling the health concerns of the workers. The business processes inside the hospital premises pertain to the health insurance system, including the revenue cycle management processes operating with the intent of generative financial outcomes for the efficient functioning and success of the workplace. The efficient cash flow mechanisms indeed, implemented in context to medical coding, billing and denials handling structures to ascertain financial growth and prosperity of the health care system. The rendered services by the heath care providers, pathologists, radiologists, nurses and lab investigators adequately reimbursed with the effective implementation of the electronic database management systems in the coding and billing departments to facilitate the payment of health services to the potential providers and non-physician professionals engaged in rendering care and therapy to the patients. The social issues related to the healthcare industry pertain to rendering unbiased services and health provision to the individuals re quiring medical attention in context to their health conditions. The other important issue pertaining to the diagnostic services in reputed hospitals corresponds to the potential cost for rendering these modalities for patients diagnostic evaluation. Indeed, the development of various diagnostic and therapeutic modalities requires organizing extensive clinical trials with the intent to devise strategic approaches in controlling the disease outcomes and epidemiological manifestations across the globe. The lack of awareness among the population in this regard creates the state of deficit during the execution of such studies in the controlled conditions. The important ethical issues in the healthcare sector related to the lack of homeostasis between the quality of care, safety and efficiency of the healthcare processes. Moreover, the inaccessibility of the impoverished people to obtaining qualitative healthcare services leads to increased cases of deaths, morbidities and epidemics acro ss the globe. The sustained deficit of the healthcare professionals per unit of human population poses serious questions on the scalability of the healthcare sector in accomplishing the health requirements of the target population. The significant challenge encountered while working inside the hospital premises across various departments related to the provision of adequate training mechanisms and awareness programs among the healthcare workers to improve the quality of healthcare services and wellness among the hospital employees. Indeed, these educational programs are highly warranted in any healthcare setting to establish benchmarks for stabilizing the quality and efficiency of healthcare services for the patients population. These potential issues tackled at the workplace while seeking consistent guidance and follow-ups from the fellow experienced colleagues in context to understanding the laboratory protocol and protective measures warranted to ensure safety and efficiency within the hospitals confinements. The achievements during the entire tenure in the hospital related to the acquisition of skills and knowledge pertaining to multidisciplinary health investigation protocols and diagnostic modalities empl oyed to restore health and wellness among the patients population. Indeed, the healthcare sector is an emerging industry associated with the prospects of further development in terms of enhancement of quality of care and therapy to the target population. Additionally, the great financial rewards affixed with the healthcare sector (including the medical laboratory technology discipline) makes it as the preferred career option among the students across the globe. Indeed, the interdepartmental professional experience with Royal Prince Alfred Hospital transformed the career profile by facilitating new heights in terms of enhanced competence followed by the acquisition of skills and experience during the entire tenure executed in the laboratory and pathology departments. References Bancroft, J 2008, Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (6th edn.), Churchill-Livingstone, USA Blaney, K Howard, P 2013, Basic Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices, Elsevier, Missouri Culling, C 1974, Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques (3rd edn.), Butterworth, Great Britain Hillyer, C 2007, Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles Practice, Churchil-Livingstone, Philadelphia Hill, R Finster, D 2010, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, New Jersey Hopkins, T 2009, Lab Notes: Guide to Lab and Diagnostic Tests, Davis, Philadelphia Lockyer, W 1982, Essentials of ABO -Rh Grouping and Compatibility Testing, John-Wright, England Ochei, J Kolhatkar, A 2000, Medical Laboratory Science : Theory And Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi Peters, S 2010, A Practical Guide to Frozen Section Technique, Springer, London Shaz, B, Hillyer, C, Roshal, M Abrams, C 2013, Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects (2nd edn.), Elsevier, USA Sood, R 2006, Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jaypee, New Delhi Suvarna, S, Layton, C Bancroft, J 2013, Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (7th edn.), Churchill-Livingstone, UK White, T Folkens, P 2005, The Human Bone Manual, Elsevier, USA Whitlock, S 2010, Immunohematology for Medical Laboratory Technicians, Cengage, USA Wild, D 2005, The Immunoassay Handbook (3rd edn.), Elsevier, UK WSAVA Liver Stadardization Group 2006, WSAVA Standards for Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Diseases, Elsevier, Philadelphia

20 Critical Essay Topics Understand and Debate Police Brutality

20 Critical Essay Topics Understand and Debate Police Brutality If you are interested in writing a critical essay on police brutality, you can get a jump start by reviewing the 20 useful topics below: Differences in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Genders. Policies to Stop Police Brutality. Policies to Reduce Police Brutality in Two Countries of Your Choosing. Countries with High Rates of Police Brutality. How GDP Influences Rates of Police Brutality. How Police Salary Influences Rates of Police Brutality. Differences in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Ages Groups. Differences in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Countries. Impact of Police Brutality Statistics in Legislation. Influencing Factors for Police Brutality. Low Psychological Evaluative Standards Leads to Higher Rates of Police Brutality. Differences in Police Brutality Statistics for Different Races. Difference between Police Brutality among Female Officers and Male Officers. Whether Male Officers Show More Police Brutality toward Male Victims or Female Victims. Whether Female Officers Show More Police Brutality toward Male Victims or Female Victims. Statistical Changes to Police Brutality over a Ten Year Period. Correlation between Police Corruption and Police Brutality. Changes in Police Corruption Statistics between Urban and Suburban Areas. Whether Arrests and Charges for Police Brutality Reduce Rates of Police Brutality Afterward among Other Officers. Whether Police Brutality is Regularly Swept under the Rug Among Closely Knit Police Units. Out of all the interesting ideas which are available, it can still be difficult to really understand how to get started on any of these topics when writing your essay. Don’t forget to visit the article with facts on police brutality that comply with these topics. In addition, improve your writing quality with guides on critical essays. That is why you will find a great sample essay below on one of the topics listed above: Sample Critical Essay Low Psychological Evaluative Standards Leads to Higher Rates of Police Brutality For some jobs, applicants are required to take psychological evaluations during the application process. These jobs are typically those which require a security clearance or where weapons are wielded. The purpose of the tests are to ensure that the person remains psychologically stable enough to fulfill the duties of their position. Such low standards results in psychologically unstable individuals wielding not only lethal weapons but dangerous levels of authority over others. Because of this background, many of the individuals within the police force if not all have a deep desire to protect one another from anyone who is considered an outside. This only encourages the police brutality that is so prevalent among the psychologically unstable. In many cases the individuals are required to take regular evaluations to ensure they remain stable regularly. After extreme incidents on the job, the same individuals may be required to take an additional test to ensure the incident did not cause damage enough to render the person unable to fulfill their duties. Examples of such cases might include getting shot or having a partner injured or killed in the line of duty. While the purpose of these tests remains viable and is a necessity for ensuring that anyone wielding weapons is doing so safely, the acceptable levels to which certain members are held during their initial application and during subsequent examinations is far too low among police forces, which only cultivates an environment of police brutality. Police forces who are required to take entry examinations for their psychological evaluation are not held to high enough standards. With such low initial requirements, it is not surprising that police officers continue to be approved to work in the line of duty regularly. With low entry requirements, the individuals who were bullies in school or who were severely bullied, those who were not loved enough as a child, and those who have serious psychological issues which result in them craving power and authority over others. This psychological background makes police officers hungry for situations where they can exert their power over others. It makes them immediately feign a feeling of threat if an individual asks why they were pulled over or states to the officer that the officer is actually not in accordance with the law during a procedure. Situations where the psychologically unstable individual even remotely feels threatened results in severe retaliation in the form of police brut ality. What makes this retaliation even worse is the protective nature of the police force. Members within the force will automatically side with one another over anyone who is an â€Å"outsider† even if they know their police member was in the wrong. They will bend the legal rules for no one but their own, making them complete hypocrites. In addition to this, police officers who are already unstable will view an outside complaining that a member of their unit broke the law as a threat. And as aforementioned, these perceived threats to someone who is psychologically unstable result in severe backlash, bullying, and bending of the rules. In order to rectify the issue of high police brutality rates, it is imperative that the psychological standards to which members of the police departments are held be raised. Psychological evaluations should review the stability of the individual, their background, their childhood, and search for any indications in their background that they were abused or that they abused others. By identifying those who seek power and control in order to make themselves feel better, and identifying those who enjoy hurting others to bring themselves up, police departments can stop hiring individuals who are more of a threat to society than a help to society. This can put a stop to police brutality. By doing this, true change can come about to all of the police forces which choose to make the world a better place. References Anderson, Kelly C.  Police Brutality. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1995. Print. Fitzgerald, Sheila.  Police Brutality. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Thomson Gale, 2007. Print. Kirschner, Robert H. Police Brutality In The USA.  The Lancet  350.9088 (1997): 1395. Web. Kuhns, Joseph B, and Johannes Knutsson.  Police Use Of Force. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010. Print. Lawrence, Regina G.  The Politics Of Force. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Nelson, Jill.  Police Brutality. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2000. Print. Roleff, Tamara L.  Police Brutality. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Print.

Rise of Mass Society Essays

Rise of Mass Society Essays Rise of Mass Society Essay Rise of Mass Society Essay Rise of Mass Society Mass society arose in the Gilded Age in many ways. People moved back to the cities for many reasons. Farmers were forced to relocate because of the production of heavy machinery, the educational, medical care, and just sheer leisure that the city could offer. With the additional people who had moved into the city also came concern for sanitation. The population of New York City doubling each decade it created for an unsanitary condition as the infrastructure was not adequate to sustain the amount of people living in the cities. By the end of the 19th century the population had gotten to four million. Such extraordinary human overcrowding shared with a simple infrastructure made for the best conditions for an intense rise in widespread disease. Mosquito and tick borne diseases like malaria along with cholera, typhoid, typhus, and yellow fever festered. The citys death rate increase rapidly, and children died in great amounts. The city seemed to be coming apart. New York Citys substructure was dependent on horses. Between 100,000 and 200,000 horses was living in the city at any time (2008). Each horse gave off 24 pounds of feces and many quarts of urine daily. Even with the presence of animals, the city had no efficient street-cleaning techniques. Horse carcasses presented additional problems with the street cleaning, as the carcass can weigh as much as 1,200 pounds, much heavier than any person can lift and move (2008). When a horse did die it would have been left to rot then moved when it was manageable. With the invention of the electric and trolley cars the need for horse drawn transportation lessened. Eventually the horse would not be wanted within the city as a mode of transportation as the cable car and the electric trolley cars entered the city. The advantages assured by automobile supporters appeared to be realized. Streets were cleaner, pollution from manure and the diseases created were diminished, goods were moved economically and proficiently, and movement of people from crowded cities to suburbs was faster by the automobile. Actions seemed to validate the benefits of the automobile over the horse. Railroads during the Gilded Age was one of, if not, the most important discovery during the time because of its ability to transport people and their belongings to many places of the country where it would have taken days or weeks to travel with previous means of transportation. Railroads promoted economic growth towards civilization because trading within the country was more accessible than ever before and new businesses were created because of the creation. Railroads unlike horses during the time couldn’t travel at a high speeds for a long time without or little stopping. In 1862 the Pacific Railroad Act was established to help create the transcontinental railroad by authorizing grants and loans to companies who were involved in the making of the railroad. The transcontinental railroad was a combination of two railroad companies working together, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific. Millions of immigrants were accountable for most of the labor in the making of the transcontinental railroad. Most of the immigrants were of Irish and Chinese background. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. The immigrants who helped created the railroads settled in the West because of the new industries being established in the West and all the opportunities the West presented itself. The transcontinental railroads expanded the population of the country instantly due to the discoveries towards the West. The railroads opened up many opportunities for people to start businesses and eventually created new industries. The railroads allowed the overcrowding of the East, due to the large amounts of immigrants, to minimize because of people moving towards the West in search for gold and better land for agriculture and ranching. The railroads provided jobs for many new settlers and immigrants in the West from the creation of the railroad itself, to the many jobs created because of the railroads. Since many people moved towards the West because of the new creation of the railroads, new towns formed into cities as the population of the West grew exponentially. With the farmers from the Great Plains and immigrants moving into the city there was a need for leisure time. The farmers had more time on their hands with the inventions of machinery for farming, they looked for things to do. Trains would bring spectators to watch the games several times a week. This was the beginning of the sport we call baseball. Post-civil war was an unsure time for everyone because of the change. Whether it was rebuilding their houses, towns or being equal with African Americans. Baseball was something that brought everyone together and made them forget about everything, it helped people enjoy themselves whether they were watching or playing themselves. It didn’t matter if one was white, black or purple it was part of their life. Baseball soon became known as Americas favorite past time for these reasons. At first baseball was segregated, as everything else was, there was even a Negro league. In 1888, the segregation ended and African Americans were allowed to play with whites. Some star players such as Cap Anderson refused to play with blacks. Even though the segregation had ended, blacks were still discriminated for over 60 years until Jackie Robinson signed with the Dodgers. The cultural phenomena during the Gilded Age developed in many ways. Farmers were forced to relocate into the cities due to not being able to expand their farms or from machinery. Immigrants moved into the large cities in order to obtain work. The city’s infrastructure was not adequate to sustain such a large population of people and horses alike. Many people died due to the unsanitary conditions of the city. Railroads assisted with migrating west, eliminating contaminate within the city, as well as transportation to spectator sports such as baseball.

The Importance of Warming Up Prior To Playing Golf Essay - 1

The Importance of Warming Up Prior To Playing Golf - Essay Example When observing the game of golf one has to wonder what preparation and strategy take place prior to one actually stepping onto the course to play. To the eye of an observer, golfers tend to appear to approach the sport with a calm aloofness and confidence. Even with this restrained countenance, there is certainly a set of masterful skills at work as well as preparation to take on a game that requires an inordinate amount of focus for success. Strategic preparation and pre-game warm up contribute to this confidence. Though the game of golf appears a relaxed and laid back sport it also in its own right can be intense, requiring great focus, physical endurance, and excellent visualization skills. So it is one must know what to do to prepare physically to garner this focus and perform at peak performance on the course while avoiding injury.Warming up prior to a game of golf not only enhances flexibility, it prevents injury and improves one's’ game. By warming up ones’ body otherwise tight muscles are stretched and lengthened decreasing the chance of pulling and straining while allowing for optimum performance during ones’ swing. In today’s society, golfers range in ages from teens up to seniors. Certainly, as we age our flexibility decreases and our bone structure changes creating greater challenges physically. Age does not necessarily have to be a detriment to one’s game. It is the approach and preparation that must change. One must treat the body as a finely tuned instrument.

Immigration and Ethnicity in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration and Ethnicity in the US - Essay Example The immigration comprised of different people different from ethnicities such as German, English, Irish, and Norwegian Swedish among others that fluxed America as earlier as 1800s. In regard to the physical characteristics and behaviors of immigrants in this century, this phase of immigration was branded an old immigration. The old immigrants came into the United States to take advantage of the freedom and prevalent opportunities in America. They were mainly allured by the availability of cheapest lands, in accordance to the Homestead Act, and the economic ability to rise to riches from rags (Alba, 2009). The distinguishing traits for these old immigrants include: all came northern and western Europe, were Protestants by religion, were literate and skilled, came over as families and were quick to assimilate. Besides, they were also tall and fair, had money and experience of democracy, and sought freedom in a new land of America (cthomson, 2008). However, in the course of the century the America faced another phase immigration called new immigration peaked in 1907s. The new immigrant came mainly from the eastern and southern Europe. The new phase also had different people from different ethnicities and comprised of poles, Greeks, Italians, Croats Slovaks and Russians. The major drive of these new immigrants was the economic hardship and the enlarging gap between the poor rich in their nations. There was a considerable upsurge in industrial growth following the end of civil war in America. Therefore, the new immigrant came to secure the economic opportunities provided by new industries and improve their life financially. The traits that distinguished the new immigrants from the old one include: most came from southern and eastern Europe, were illiterate and unskilled, came over as birds of passage, were short and dark and, and arrive impoverished. In addition, they were also radicals and autocrats, clannish and reluctant to a ssimilate, and above all

Interpersonal Negotiation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Negotiation - Case Study Example We would appreciate if you allow us to build a road, and we will make sure that you wetlands see the least disturbance. 2. Concerns can be best addressed through the transformative approach only. This approach considers the problem as an opportunity for moral growth and empowerment of all parties involved rather than looking for a solution only. Thus, all parties feel that they are an important part of decision-making process and reach a solution that is acceptable to all involved. This enhances the relationships because the solution reached maximizes the collective gain. 3. To save the relationship from destroying, the three groups should move with the collaborative and transformative approach. A win/lose negotiation will destroy the relationships although a solution is reached much sooner. But it is important for the groups to sit down and discuss the matter with each other rather than letting one party lead the others and making one lose and the other win. It should be a win/win situation for all. 4. If I was a negotiator for the first group, I would go to the second group myself rather than calling them to my office, and would make them understand why the road construction was crucial. I would not impose upon them my plans and order them to move. I would compensate them their loss of scenic beauty through financial support and would make them understand the complexity of the

Compare And Contrast How Shakespeare English Literature Essay

Compare And Contrast How Shakespeare English Literature Essay The three texts all utilise literary methods of showing the different aspects of the male and female sexual relationships between key characters. In Hamlet, the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia will be criticized; In The Millers Tale, the relationship between Alison, John/Nicholas and Absolon will be looked at. Finally, the relationship between Frank and April Wheeler will also act as a medium of comparison with the other characters to feature this analysis. All three texts are composed of male/female sexual and romantic relationships that are compromised by madness and debauchery. In Hamlet, the protagonist seems to be compelled to enact madness so as to avenge his father. In The Millers Tale, Alison, a young married woman is confounded by lust and cheats on her husband with the younger and much more cunning Nicholas. In Revolutionary Road, April Wheeler seems to be affected by a bad upbringing and thus causing her to make unwise decisions that affect her relationship with her husband Frank. Hamlets madness has an effect on his relationship with Ophelia, O, what a noble mind is here oerthrown!, Ophelia believing that Hamlet is truly mad, shows her feelings towards the protagonist by using hendiadys to describe him, The glass of fashion and the mould of form. Hamlet conforms with his perceived madness by rudely mentioning to Ophelia, It would cost you a groaning to take off mine edge., the effect this has on the relationship between Haml et and Ophelia is monumental as this is the last interaction between the pair before Ophelia finally loses her reason with news of her Fathers death. L.L. SchÃ…Â ±cking states, The passive Ophelia treads he terrible path to mental derangement this conforms to the traditional view of women on this period. Shakespeare may be showing that women are affected at a deep level by emotional matters and he shows this by the scale of damage that is done to Ophelia by Hamlet playing with her emotions. There might be a representation of an Oedipus complex in Hamlet. This is an idea developed by Freud who says that all sons develop affections for their mothers and murderous instincts towards their fathers. There are many arguments that go against this perspective though. Hamlet is very outspoken about Gertrudes incestuous behaviour so isnt likely to want her in a sexual manner. Furthermore, Hamlet seems to view his father as a type of god, Hyperion and so isnt very likely to want to kill him. In fact, Hamlet wants to do the exact opposite, as he is trying to revenge the murder of his father. Hamlet only sees the incestuous behaviour from Gertrude and for him, she represents women in general, he is suspicious of all women. We do get a different view of Gertrude and particularly of Ophelia through the eyes of other people at certain times. When they are shown, they are often represented in a very negative way, in the way they would have been represented at the time. A good example of this is when Laertes tells Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet and she replies I shall obey, my lord. Because we are led to believe that she is in love with Hamlet, this is an order she shouldnt be disposed to obey. In medieval times when Hamlet was set, women were expected to obey their fathers and brother until they got married and could obey their husbands. This is why Ophelia had little choice but to say this. This is why Ophelias madness has such an importance in the play. It gives Ophelia the freedom to say what she could not say before, for example giving columbines to Laertes to represent ingratitudes and infidelity Theres fennel for you and columbines Also her loss of innocence ends with her eventual suicide. At the time suicide was a sin against God and so people who committed suicide werent allowed a proper funeral. Ophelias innocence is however preserved by allowing her a funeral even after her suicide. Hamlet claims that he is faking madness but at times his madness appears r eal. There are two suspected reasons for his madness and both reasons include women. The first explanation is that Hamlet is in love with Ophelia and his rejection from her has driven him to madness. This is a reasonable explanation because Hamlet often seems a lot more discourteous whilst talking to Ophelia Get thee to a nunnery. The other explanation for Hamlets madness is that he is offended by Gertrudes marriage to Claudius. He doesnt think that Claudius is worthy to be like his father. Hamlets treatment of Ophelia in the play can be interpreted in two ways. Most of the time he appears cruel to her; as if he is just using her as a way of further convincing everybody else that he is mad. A good example of this is when he is talking to her and he realises that Claudius and Polonius are listening. This is when he says the line get thee to a nunnery He seems to hurt Ophelia both physically as well as mentally. Another explanation of this is that he is trying to protect her. Hamlet describes the world as a corrupt Eden and so get thee to a nunnery is sending her away from evil and corruption. Also he is sending her away from the bloodshed that he predicts is going to happen. Hamlet is often sceptical against women. He says to Ophelia or is thou wilt need marry, marry a fool, for wise men know what monsters you will make of them. This shows how bitter he is towards women and how bitter he is towards the world. This bitterness may be because he feels he has been betrayed b y the two main women in his life. His mothers offence being her marriage to Claudius and Ophelias by rejecting him. Gertrude isnt necessarily innocent in the play but is however tainted by Claudius. This proves that Shakespeare presents women as being morally week, and led by men, rather than making their own choices. Even when Gertrude breaks away from the evil of Claudius she is led by another man in her son Hamlet. Although this is a more positive reflection of Gertrude and women it still shows how women are easily led and not able to make their own decisions. It isnt certain whether Shakespeare is showing this presentation of women as a way of showing that this is wrong, or whether it is just a part of the play that fits in with historical setting. Or he may have been agreeing that this is the way that women should be portrayed.   In The Millers Tale, Alison is focused on as the centrepiece of attention between three males; this is shown to be because of her beauty Fair was this yonge wyf. However, her beauty is also the reason for the downfall between the relationship she had with John, her husband. In the opening sections of the play, Chaucer declares John as an over protective character Jalous he was, and heel hire nawe in cage. Furthermore, Alison is also described as being a flirt and having a likerous eye which insinuates the expectation of her infidelity which is proved in her interactions with Nicholas. Chaucer with this text is exclaiming that relationships with a large age gap usually induce the younger partner to become unfaithful. Hamlets murderous plot is much similar to Nicholass methods way of seducing Alison, both Characters show to be very cunning in their means of achieving their goals; both pretend to be mad and act in a different way than usual. Nicholas pretends to have become absorbed by his astrological work, This man is falle, with his astromye, Hamlet acts in a perverse way towards Ophelia and presents himself before her in an unusual manner, No hat upon his head, his stockings fouled, These deliberate acts of madness by Hamlet and Nicholas are so effective towards their target audience and in Hamlets case it even presents a domino effect towards his target as she becomes mad herself later on in the play. Chaucers text is interesting as it has a very vague outlook on the love that the characters had for one another. Johns love is much closer to obsession for the younger Alisoun which that he lovede moore than his lyf such a relationship is shown by Chaucer to be detrimental. Nicholas and Alisouns love for one another is in fact pure lust between the two characters. And heeld hire harde by the haunchbones this lustrous affair by Nicholas and Alisoun is also shown to be detrimental as both characters did not stay together afterwards. Chaucers inclusion of Absolon adds another potential type of love towards Alisoun. Absolon is neither as obsessed with Alisoun as John nor is he as lustrous as Nicholas. He is driven by admiration for Alisoun and his love revolves around this, Chaucer shows this by making Absolon the only lover to use the courtly love traditions to try and ensnare Alisoun whom he regards as My faire bryd, my sweete cynamome. However, Absolon is also the only character to no t have succeeded with Alisoun. Chaucer may be suggesting that the courtly love traditions where not the key to love. This self-imposed madness of Hamlets is also alike to that of April Wheeler in Revolutionary Road; the impact is also similar towards the relationship between April and Franks relationship. Like Hamlet, April starts to act in a different way towards Frank mentioning how she felt ensnared by him, Just because youve got me safely in a trap you think you, this is the first argument between April and Frank where both characters are as equally frustrated with one another and it sets the plane for such future encounters between them. Amidst this, another similarity between Shakespeare and Yates texts is the concept of lust not being very symbolic in terms of marriage length in comparison to true love as such. April mentions,your cowardly self-delusions about love when you know as well as I do that theres never been anything between us, which shows how much she thinks of her husband, a cowardly self delusion. In Hamlet, such a relationship is shown to exist between Gertrude and Claudius as Gertrude does not truly love Claudius but yet pretends to love him for other reasons not fully justified to the reader. This is verified by how quickly she agrees to leave Claudius when she is reprimanded by Hamlet about the incestuous marriage she is in, Be thou assuredI have no life to breathe. What thou hast said to me. Aprils dialogue with Frank in the play at the beginning might also be a hint as to what she as a character will actually do in real life; and I want to go out and do something thats absolutely crazy, and marvellous What April did in fact do at the end of her life was indeed marvellous and crazy as she both expressed a different ideology about the treatment of females as a whole, however her methods for doing so were albeit crazy. This is similar to Ophelias plot to try and act against the general assumptions that females must abide to rules and regulations. insert some quote jazz blah blah Para-> Discuss a theme of mendacity(lying) between the characters: Claudius and Gertrude; Nicholas and John/Absolon; Frank and April Edit this to school version. Sexual relationships are discovered in Hamlet and Revolutionary Road. However, such relationships when mentioned in detail are mostly on the basis of them being adulterous whereby either one or both of the partners are acting on lust rather than love. It is uncertain the relationship between Claudius and Gertrude because Shakespeare does not include any romantic dialogue between the pair and the only reference to them sharing any sexual relations come from Hamlet himself, Let not the royal bed of Denmark be/A couch for luxury and damned incest/But, howsoever thou pursuest this act. Furthermore, most critics tend to take a negative view towards Gertrude because of the speed at which she got over her husband. L.L. SchÃ…Â ±cking states The Queen, her peace of mind and untroubled conscience ruthlessly assailed, becomes uneasy, even bitter. This is very similar to the relationship between Frank and April whereby sexual interactions are very rare and if they do arise they are either ad ulterous or April trying to make Frank do what she wants him too. John Givings in Revolutionary Road tells Frank, You want to play house, you got to have a job. You want to play very  nice  house, very  sweet  house, then you got to have a job you dont like. This is the way ninety-eight-point-nine per cent of the people work things out, so believe me, buddy, youve got nothing to apologize for. John Givings is known to be a mentally ill person in the novel but the mere fact that April also sees things in his light justifies why Frank thought that she was also mentally ill to a certain degree and he offered to get her a shrink. A theme of dependency is explored by Yates whereby April depends entirely upon Franks decision so that she can move to Paris and leave the suburban unrealistic lifestyle that she feels ensnared by. April tells Frank, How did we ever get into this strange dream world, this goes to show how she had no regard whatsoever of the environment she was in and believed herself to be in a dreamlike state when living in the place. Shakespeare uses a similar effect in Hamlet where he included the dialogue between Hamlet and his Fathers ghost where Hamlet shouts out Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damned. This further proves that Hamlet and April are conscious about feeling in such an unrealistic state but they are also the characters who are shown to do the most unrealistic things. Both Shakespeare and Yates chose Death, as the medium to part the main love figures in their respective texts. Such a strong parting adds more emphasis to the emotions felt by the lover that is left behind to mourn the death of his beloved. In Hamlet, Hamlet actually provokes Laertes. Let thy wisdom fear. Hold off thy hand. Such a bold outburst is unlike Hamlet as he contrived a whole plot to accuse Claudius of killing his father instead of confronting him head on. In Revolutionary Road, Frank is shown to also suffer from losing April; hed lost a lot of weight which could show that he was not eating as much as he should have been as he was in mourning for April. In Conclusion, Shakespeare, Chaucer and Yates all present male and female sexual and romantic language through narrations, double entendres and dependencies for one another. Chaucers descriptions of Nicholas and Alisoun through the character of The Miller justify to the reader the adulterous act between the pair, Shakespeares use of hendiadys throughout Hamlet endorses his message as the main character is under one big lie from the beginning of the play. Finally, Yates uses the fact that females were dependent upon males in the 1950s but his message was to show that strong willed women like April still had control over their partners decisions. Word Count: 2576

Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings by

The evolution of technology has been hand in hand with the human subjugation of earth, but the question persists, when does the use of technology go too far? Advances in medical science have increased the average human lifespan and improved the quality of life for individuals. Medical science and biology are steadily arriving at new ways to alter humans by the use of advanced genetic alteration. This technology gives rise to the question of how this new technology ought to be used, if at all. The idea of human enhancement is a very general topic, since humans are constantly â€Å"enhancing† themselves through the use of tools. In referring to human enhancement, I am referring specifically to the use of genetic intervention prior to birth. Julian Savulescu, in his, â€Å"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings,† argues that it is not only permissible to intervene genetically, but is a morally obligatory. In this paper, I will argue t hat it is not morally obligatory to intervene genetically even if such intervention may be permissible under certain criteria. I will show, in contrast to Savulescu’s view, that the moral obligation to intervene is not the same as the moral obligation to prevent and treat disease. In short, I will show that the ability of humans to intervene genetically is not sufficient to establish a moral obligation. The first argument given for the obligation of genetic enhancement is the postulate of the â€Å"Neglectful Parents†. Savulescu considers the case of two types of parents, the neglectful parents and the lazy parents. The neglectful parents have a child that has a condition wherein a simple, cheap dietary supplement must be given so that the child maintains an advanced intellect. ... ...ealth Organization. World Health Organization, 3 September 2007. Web. 4 Apr 2011. . Nordqvist , Christian. "What Is Health? What Does Good Health Mean?." Medical News Today 21 May 2009: n. pag. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Parens, Erik. "Special Supplement: Is Better Always Good? The Enhancement Project." Hastings Center Report 28.1 (1998): s1-s17. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Parker, Michael. "The Best Possible Child." Journal of Medical Ethics 33.5 (2007): 279-283. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Savulescu, Julian. â€Å"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Human Beings.† Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Ed. David Kaplan. 2nd ed. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2009. 417-430.

Emotions & the monster Essay

Acceptance is very important in society, and the same perceptions apply just as much today as they did in the 1800’s. It is part of human nature to make instant judgments, and to form first impressions of a person before you know what they are really like, and this is what happened to Frankenstein’s monster in this book. Although it is almost impossible to avoid making these snap decisions, they can almost always be changed later on, and put right once you get to know the person. Everyone wants to be accepted for who they are, regardless of appearances or stature, however this is not always the case. This can be related to the treatment the monster receives upon meeting other people. He is not â€Å"the norm†, and is undoubtedly ugly to look at, but that does not make him a bad person. Shelley manages to show this in such a way that the reader feels sorry for the monster, but we can see that it is something that is unlikely to change, as it is a normal part of society and human nature. Shelley shows her disgust at this harsh treatment through the monster’s feelings, which are shared with Victor later on in the book, and it is as if the author is pouring out her emotions, rather than the monster’s. The hideous figure, the disfigured stature of this monster is the first thing noticed by Victor Frankenstein. â€Å"His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles. † This reference to the monster’s yellow skin depicts the same behaviour conducted in modern day racism. The colour of one’s skin does not dictate the intelligence, attitude and personality of a person. Regardless of the yellow skin of the monster, which would repulse and overwhelm most people, there is no need to carry over that emotion to judge the monster’s intellectual side. The mind and body are two very different things; human beings have yet to distinguish that fact. Mary Shelley clearly feels very strongly about this unfair prejudice in place in society, and has tried (very successfully) to show her readers just how unjust it really is. However, until people actually do something about it, it is just a part of society which we will probably never be entirely without. We may feel that it is wrong, but it will always be there, and it is something people have learnt to deal with in society. The novel, â€Å"Frankenstein†, actually reflects quite badly on the society in which Mary Shelley lived. It suggests that this type of behaviour was carrying on back then towards â€Å"different† people and was accepted as part of every day life. Humans have always and will continue to be scared of the unknown. Some might say that what you don’t know about can’t hurt you, but there is a sense of mystery and darkness behind unidentified things. This fear is ever increasing alongside the amount of horror films and novels, by which the general public is heavily influenced – maybe sometimes too heavily. The public has always been influenced by the media, which is created by society, and with an increasing amount of stories and films out with the intention of scaring the audience, people are getting more and more prejudiced towards the unknown. Luckily this is counteracted by an increasing knowledge of other cultures and races, but Shelley lived in a society where people were still very ignorant about other people, and automatically assumed the worst. Although it is not shown outright, in â€Å"Frankenstein†, the monster actually experiences this fear as well as the villagers when he comes into their town. Their fears were of the same thing – the unfamiliar; however their reactions were completely different. Some villagers threw rocks, and were trying to drive the monster away as if it was a worthless piece of society; others simply ran away in shock, screaming and scared. This is not justified by anything except his demeanor. The monster, on the other hand, did not reply in a violent manner at all, he just tried to hide from all people from then on. This just goes to show how much people are affected by small things in their life. One incident such as this could ruin an entire life, and the villagers did not realise just how selfish they were being. They did not think about his feelings, and left him to support himself, poor and defenseless. The public do not realise how much little things they may pass off as unimportant affect others, and in this case, society ruined the monster’s life. From that moment and for the rest of his existence, the monster knew not to interfere with human beings, for their nature was clearly different to his. The monster, like all human beings, wanted to be accepted for his intellectual abilities and personality, and both him and humans have it in their nature to be afraid of the unknown, yet the villagers had an unmistakable advantage over the monster – the monster was still innocent and nai ve, unsure of the world around him and ignorant of human nature. He was not accepted by anyone, purely because of his appearance. This fact is obvious as no one as yet had even had the chance to get to know the monster’s personality, not even the monster himself had had this opportunity, because he could not speak and did not know anything about society. Therefore human nature plays an incredibly important role in the novel, because without it the villagers would probably have accepted the monster, and he would never have turned out how he did.

Short Mothers Day Quotes for Emails or Cards

Short Mothers Day Quotes for Emails or Cards The mother-child bond is too strong to be dulled by distance. Even if you are miles away from your dear mother, reach out to her with a thoughtful message. If you have something more elaborate in mind, here are some ideas. Why Use Mothers Day Quotes Usually, it is not too difficult to pick a gift for mothers. Mothers are not fussy creatures. Youd hardly meet a mother who would tell her son, Honey, Id really like the exquisite silver cutlery I saw at Macys. On the contrary, she would mostly say something like, Oh, sweetie, dont bother with these expensive gifts. All I want is to spend time with you. So heres the hint: Your mother needs you. Your mother, though she deserves a lot more, needs just a little bit of your time. If you want to be thoughtful, scribble her a few Mothers Day quotes to make her feel special. Share some happy moments with her, reading these wonderful quotes about mothers. Talk about your beautiful childhood memories, and watch her eyes go misty with those memories. Thats how you can make your mother the happiest woman in the world. Jane SellmanThe phrase working mother is redundant.Spanish ProverbAn ounce of mother is worth a pound of clergy.Bill WattersonMothers are the necessity of invention.Harriet Beecher StoweMothers are instinctive philosophers.Jewish proverbA mother understands what a child does not say.James Russell LowellThat best academy, a mothers knee.D. W. WinnicottThe precursor of the mirror is the mothers face.Henry Ward BeecherThe mothers heart is the childs school-room.Jill ChurchillThere is no way to be a perfect mother and a million ways to be a good one.William Makepeace ThackerayMother is the name for God in the lips and hearts of little children.George WashingtonAll I am I owe to my mother.Lisa AltherAny mother could perform the jobs of several air-traffic controllers with ease.Ian NelsonMommy brain: when your grey matter turns into grey hair.Moorish ProverbEvery beetle is a gazelle in the eyes of its mother.Abraham LincolnAll that I am or ever hope to be, I owe to my angel Mother.The Gold en GirlsIts not easy being a mother. If it were easy, fathers would do it. J. D. SalingerMothers are all slightly insane.Ed AsnerRaising a kid is part joy and part guerilla warfare.Lin YutangOf all the rights of women, the greatest is to be a mother.

English Spelling is Not Total Chaos

English Spelling is Not Total Chaos English Spelling is Not Total Chaos English Spelling is Not Total Chaos By Maeve Maddox Daniels recent fun spelling test got me thinking about English spelling. Google English spelling and youll get 23,300,000 hits. Visit a few of the sites and you will be told how ridiculous, crazy, outrageous, cruel, and in-need-of-reform is English orthography. English spelling is more complicated than that of some other languages, but its not total chaos. The strangest spellings are those of the commonest words, so practice soon familiarizes even young children with the most irregular forms. Overall, there are predictable patterns and rules to guide the spelling of most English words. It would be impossible to cover all the phonetic facts of English spelling in one article, so stand by for a sequence of articles (you can also check the spelling section on TeachingIdeas.co.uk, which sums up most of the rules). For starters, Id like to point out some aspects of the English alphabet that lead to misunderstandings about English orthography. The 26 letters of the English alphabet are insufficient to represent the 44 or so sounds used to speak the English language. Written English has compensated for this lack of letters by inventing extra letters to represent eight consonant sounds and seven vowel sounds that do not have letters of their own. For example, the combination sh does not represent the combined sounds of /s/ and /h/. The sound represented is /sh/, which is the sound heard at the beginning of the word ship. Written English has not just compensated, but overcompensated for its insufficient alphabet. Numerous alternate spellings exist to represent sounds already represented by letters or letter combinations. This overabundance of spellings is a result of Englishs unabashed habit of importing words from other languages. In many instances new words brought along the spelling conventions of the language of origin. Clearly English orthography requires more study than that of other modern languages. Keep in mind, however, that English grammar is simpler than most. You can use the time saved in studying the grammar to learn the spelling system! I hear a lot of people admit to being unable to spell as if it were a genetic defect. I suppose that in a tiny percentage of the population it may be. In general, however, poor spelling is the result of insufficient information. In sum: the English alphabet has 26 letters; spoken English uses 40+ speech sounds; written English makes use of 70 spelling symbols. English spelling is complex, but learning 70 phonograms (sound symbols) and a few rules is a small price to pay for the use of the enormous vocabulary of English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†"Replacement for" and "replacement of"50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

History response 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History response 11 - Assignment Example anticipated that Castro was someone he may well work with, since Cuban leader explored New York and Washington seeking both public and official support. But affiliations deteriorated after the Cuba’s Agrarian transformation rule nationalized land possessed by American firms. Both corporate lobbyists and Cold War hawks soon portrayed Castro as a Soviet threat on America’s doorstep. As tensions increased, Castro sent Che Guevara to Moscow and Beijing to shore up support for his regime while the Eisenhower administration drew up plans for invasion. Having this and Che being a Chinese collaborator, the relations between China and Britain melted. At present day, therefore, the medium of exchange has changed to numerous mediums unlike opium which was used in the former years by china and Britain(Goscha et al 7). ` The Great Leap scheme that was founded by Mao’s authority was unsuccessful. The steel formed in small shared furnaces was practically ineffective coupled with food production that plunged since many people died in the scarcity that resulted. By 1961 the collapse of the Great Leap Forward guided the more realistic â€Å"experts† in the Communist Party to lessen Mao’s authority slowly while renewing rationality to financial preparation (Goscha et al 30). Yet still, Mao’s conviction in the power of ground-breaking eagerness would inspire a younger age group of revolutionaries. Guevara was amongst those involved in the Chinese replica as an option to both free enterprise (capitalism) and the heavy Soviet form of technocratic communism (Goscha et al 41). This shows both a good example of youth culture as seen in schemes that he formed and also a bad instance on the youth, signified by his failures on food

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Research Paper Example Actually, by reading through, one gets important insights on understanding the omnipresence of the role of design. Norman’s idea on The Invisible Computer is quite likable (Norman, 2002). Norman tries to establish that emotion which an essential part of life and states that the effective system makes judgments and helps tone to quickly determine the dangerous things in the environment. Just as indicated by Norman, it is quite true that advances in our emotional understanding have implications on design. Norman explores how emotional appreciation is attached to design. He gives an example of three different teapots and the emotions attached to them which compelled him to use them during different occasions. This explains how emotional design is attached to attractive things. From the discussion by Donald Norman, one is compelled to think exactly like him. For example, those products which are made to use when one is under stress should be designed in a way which is human center ed (Norman, 2002). This design then comes with a kind of emotional appreciation from the stress people and can make them more relaxed which enhance their usability through the pleasant aesthetic design. It is quite true that attractive things only work better in situations where aesthetics matter. Visceral design is simply what nature does, and it is about how things sound, look or feel. Visceral design or aesthetic appreciation cannot be separated from emotional feelings as the feeling, and the looks of a design brings about the emotional feeling. One will surely see a design and love it depending on it use, attractiveness and the emotional feelings it brings. According to Norma 2002, the pleasurable and pleasant aspects of a design usually make a person to feel more tolerant to problems and difficulties (Norman, 2002). The positive affects of a design usually enhance creativity and this make those designs which are human centered to be essential for situations or tasks which are s tressful and this how Donald Norman emphasized on the importance of design in creating pleasant emotions. 2. The philosophers tool kit (iPod and Philosophy by Wittkower) The iPod is a symbol of change which comes in the way we create and consume media and yet we are still struggling to get its meaning. The book on the iPod and Philosophy gives the theories on the iPod and brings together the older and younger minds who consider communication, entertainment technologies and impact of rapid information during the twenty first century. Each chapter in the book is a philosophical meditation of how iPodders have found the device and how it is embedded in the society and economy and has significantly changed our daily lives (Baggini and Fosl, 2011). Chapter 1: Wittgenstein’s iPod or the familiar among us and Chapter 2: The moment of the blobject has passed are the selected chapters. Epistemology is a philosopher’s tool kit used in chapter one to elaborate on science and its capabilities. The knowledge of iPod is justified, and it is scientific knowledge. Chapter one comes with questions like; what do you hear when you listen to our iPods? And what was on Wittgenstein’s iPod? All these are aimed at justifying the familiarity of the iPod to the people. Epistemology has been used in comparing listening music from iPods from listening music from Beach Boy’s classic. Intuitive knowledge as part of epistemology is evident in

Failure of the Mercantilism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Failure of the Mercantilism - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the mercantilists believed that the presence of more gold and silver bullions in a country translated to a better economy than any country with minimal gold and silver reserves. The theorists believed and encouraged countries not to use their gold deposits for trade even when the people desperately needed these products. The mercantilists had the idea that any successful trade meant the gain of one party and the loss of the other party. They never viewed the trade between two countries as being mutually beneficial. They encouraged their countries to influence the international trade and ensure that the citizens did not compromise their gold and silver deposits.This essay stresses that  the mercantilists developed ideas that were meant to promote the interests of the merchants since they were believed to be a significant source of a country’s gold and silver reserves. The government placed the role of attracting more gold and silver to the country to the merchants and also entrusted them with implementing relevant measures that would seek to regulate the economy. Malynes, for example, states that the merchants more specifically the bankers would develop appropriate measures that would see the increase in the supply of specie into the country. Malynes rejected any effects of the exchange rate in influencing external trade and trusted the â€Å"tricks of the bankers† to solve the economic problem experienced in the country.

Inferior quality Essay Example for Free

Inferior quality Essay Group decision making is a valid procedure that most of the times ensures that the answers and decision provided are of high quality as compared to individual decision making. It nevertheless is highly dependent on the technique of group decision making that was applied. The obvious assumptions to support this claims is that many people have the ability to bring more information to the table and explore various alternatives from different perspectives therefore living little room for mistakes. The end product of their critical evaluation of information more often than not results to creative ideas. In fact the more diverse the group is the better the ideas (Viteles 1953, 7). Mostly group decision making comes in to play when the option available necessitates inputs and opinions from more than one person. Even then it should be noted that as much as the answers from a group may be of high quality there no two groups that will function similarly while in the decision making process. The implication is therefore that one group may be proactive and others might require a facilitator in order to function effectively (Kerr King 1984, 17). The process is therefore a complex one and is achievable through various methods: Authoritarian Style The authoritarian style functions like a dictatorship. In this method the power to make the ultimate and final decision rests on one person. This person usually dictates the entire process and has the greatest say in the final outcome. Mostly this method is applied in cases where a powerful person and a key decision maker in the company is present. As much as the final answer may be of high quality many people are usually against this method especially those whose ideas were not incorporated in the final outcome. The minority control method has often been used to try and counter the negatives of this style (Rollison 2008, 14). Brainstorming Another method that a group can use to reach a quality decision is by the use of brainstorming. The method is mostly useful when the decision making process is starting from scratch. It mostly entails creating a variety of options and then weighing them before choosing the one that best fits. It is a popular method because of the fact that it gives each member of the group complete freedom. In some cases brain storming sessions have facilitator who has the function of ensuring that the group does not deviate. The facilitator also has the responsibility and the freedom to start the discussion, probe, and even provide some useful hints subtle (Griffin 1993, 56). This method of group decision-making is very effective because it puts value on every participant’s point of view and the final outcome is usually by consensus. Voting based method The voting based technique is often used when a group is presented by a set of defined alternatives and yet they are required to pick one that they think will ensure maximum value. Participants in this case are given the option of choosing the alternative they think is best. Unlike brainstorming this style puts little value on each individual’s opinions (Gordon 1983, 32). Basically the quality of the answer provided in a group discussion is also highly dependent on the style the group used to make their final decision. The assumption is that the authoritarian style may not provide the same quality of answers as brainstorming and voting. But generally a quality outcome is to be anticipated because the members are able to combine their individual strengths while offsetting their weaknesses. A set of different competence and skills is applied on the problem at hand before a solution is reached (Hogan 2003, 15). The group process also eliminates the chances of a biased answer as would be the case in individual decision making. Group decision making additionally embraces and evaluates an idea from broader perspective which is a result of the various unique perceptions of individuals in the group. In the case of an individual, the final outcome may easily be an influence of a preconceived idea or notion. It is therefore difficult for the person to be able to single handedly critic his views and therefore change direction because he already has a fixed picture in his mind of how things should be done. The wrong option therefore may be for example based on religious affiliation, cultural differences, or social status and therefore the outcome may in fact not be rational (Schwarz 2002, 53-52). Individual’s answers most of the time occur by default and no other alternatives are usually brought in to play for evaluation before the conclusion is made. The surrounding circumstances additionally tend to influence the final outcome therefore events will sometimes overpower the person’s ability to make a rational decision. This probably may not have great implication when for example you want to buy cologne but may mean a lot of deficits if the decision to be made is meant for a commercial entity. Decisions made by a lot of individuals are of quality because they have a higher chance of being implemented than individual decisions especially when it comes for example at the company level. This is simply because as the group discusses the individuals are able to comprehensively grasp the weight of the decision and understand the course of action needed to implement it. It is also the result of the boosted team spirit brought about by the consideration of each person’s idea and therefore greater commitment to achieve the goals is gained (Kroon 1995, 10-12). Gordon (1983, 37) observes that the results of a group can be homogeneous depending on various factors. In the case of a multi cultural group for instance the answers are bound to be of even better quality considering that the individuals have different diverse backgrounds therefore the strategies for decision making will definitely be different. Conflicts may arise because of the different perceptions but the group in itself has the power to look for means to deal with those conflicts and thereby presenting an appropriate and quality decision. Additionally members in the group that is making a decision are usually interested in making an appropriate decision and have little consideration for the kind of relationships that exist between the individuals. Furthermore compromise that occurs during the whole process may serve to enhance the coming up of creative solutions. But the decision making in highly cohesive groups may not necessarily result into a quality decision. This may be first and foremost because of groupthink. Groupthink describes the tendency of people in a group that is highly cohesive to seek consensus so strongly such that their ability and willingness to critically evaluate each others ideas is lost or weakened. Groupthink is mostly a result of the group collective rationalization or overestimating its ability to make decisions in the face of extraordinary risks. With such a mindset it becomes very hard for the group to spot or identify any loopholes in the answers given during their discussion session. The other cause for groupthink could be the closed mindedness of the group. This is because while they are making an effort to conform they assume that their exists inherent morality. Therefore conviction that all the decisions made will be correct is developed making them less conscious of any questionable ethical outcomes of their answers. Moreover groupthink can simply be the result of the pressure to ensure uniformity is achieved. This pressure could be direct on dissenters to force them to conform maybe with a consequence of a reward or punishment. Mind guards also force members to uniformity because they discourage members from taking different perspectives and basically filter what is right and what is wrong for the discussion (Straub 1999, 73). Additionally the urge to maintain their status aspirations and social status may make a highly cohesive group to make very irrational and therefore not quality decisions. The two are very important ingredients for any group and may influence the level of their integration into the society. And as a matter of fact the members that feel that they are of a lesser status may perceive the views of those members with a higher status in society as ‘rational’ even though they might harbor doubts concerning the outcomes. Additionally still some of the ‘classy ‘members may discredit the views of others or better still a member with inferiority complex may shy away from giving his opinion that would have greatly assisted in making the appropriate and effective decision. In conclusion a group decision-making process may only guarantee limited rationality and quality in outcomes. From the discussion above it might be quiet unrealistic to expect total quality of answers. This is because among the other issues there are a lot of emotions involved before a consensus is made and therefore some people views might have to be compromised yet their could be a probability that the forgone perception could have led to a better answer. Word Count: 1487 References list Gordon, J. , 1983, A diagnostic approach to organizational behaviour. Allyn and Bacon, United States. Griffin, R. , 1993, Management. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Hogan, C. , 2003, Practical Facilitation: A Toolkit of Techniques. Kogan Page Publishers, United Kingdom. Johnson, D. Pierce, F. , 1991, Joining together: group theory and group skills. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Kerr, K. King, H. , 1984, Procedures for meetings and organizations. Taylor Francis, United Kingdom. Kroon, J. , 1995, General management. Pearson, South Africa. Rollinson, D. 2008, Organisational behaviour and analysis: an integrated approach. Financial Times Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Schwarz, R. , 2002, The skilled facilitator: a comprehensive resource for consultants, facilitators, managers, trainers, and coaches. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Food Contamination Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Center for Disease control has estimated that illnesses directly resulting from food contamination cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths each year in the United States. The rise of food-related illnesses can be mostly attributed to increased eating out. Half of every dollar spent on food in this country is spend on food prepared outside of the home. As the amount of people involved preparing our food rises, so does the risk of contracting an illness from food (Levitt). The people at the greatest risk are the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and those with immune disorders; this high risk group comprises 25 percent of the US population. (Who).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To prevent food contamination, the food must be handled carefully, and not be placed in any condition that would promote bacterial growth. Those who have a job that involves preparing and serving food have the responsibility to protect those whom they handle the food for (Cliver). Food poisoning results from the growth of certain bacteria, and is a concern of the business as well as the consumer. A single case of food poisoning can instantly cause a restaurant to no longer exist. To prevent contamination which might result in illness, chopping boards should be sanitized thoroughly and frequently. The employees’ hands should also be washed regularly. It is acceptable to handle raw food with bare hands, however with cooked or ready to eat food disposable gloves or other utensils such as spoons, spatulas, or tongs should be used. Latex gloves should be changed at least once every hour or if they become torn or contaminated. It is never acceptable to reuse glov es after they have been removed once (Public Health).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A common source of food poisoning is cross contamination. This occurs when raw food mixes with cooked food (Hollingsworth). It can happen when the same utensil or surface is used in food preparation. Fecal Materials can also contaminate food before it reaches the one who prepares it (â€Å"E. Coli Now†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most common causes of food poisoning is Campylobacter bacteria, manifesting 8 million cases and 800 deaths each year (Cliver). It is the leading cause of diarrheal illness in the United States, and responsible for five to fourteen percent of all diarrheal illness wo... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lurk In Food.† 1999. 18 Jan. 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ARS News and Information. Doris Stanley Lowe. â€Å"Food Irradiation and Chlorine Team Up to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kill E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella† 1999. 18 Jan. 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Department of Agriculture. FSIS. â€Å"HACCP Implementation: First Year Salmonella Test   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Results.† 1999. 17 Jan. 2001. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"Preventing Foodborne Illness: Listeriosis.† 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Jan. 2001. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"Listeriosis.† 2000. 18 Jan 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Electric Library. â€Å"HHS Initiaties to Reduce Foodborne Illness.† 1999. 18 Jan. 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚