Knowledge Is Power Essay

In all honesty, prior to reading Jake Helpern’s articles and meeting him in person, I thought he was some older white guy with a slightly boring style of writing as well as being even more boring in person, but somehow everyone else finds his work fascinating. But since I needed some extra credit points, I took on the challenge of the assignment. Glad to announce my notions of Jake Helpern were totally wrong. Reading Jake Helpern’s articles were like reading a well written novel. His stories had flare, suspense, character, drama and even a touch of sorrow and empathy. For the most part his articles were not just engaging but also very informative. Content versus Form, Content wins. In person, Jake appeared to be just one of the guys. Nothing fancy about himself, very humble and charismatic. After listening to Jake speak briefly about his life, family and his pursuit of his innate being, you can tell he’s sincere and dedicated to his craft and family. Jake was also instrumental in terms of being relative due to his Western New York origins. He can relate to Buffalonians and our struggle as a city in a financial crisis, where one side of the city’s future is in question while another side of the city’s future looks lucrative. If the question is posed if Jake’s articles are a considered artwork, I would agree and disagree. The two articles we covered in class, I believe Jake wrote them with an artistic style of writing. To me, artwork is anything not ephemeral. Jake’s articles can be preserved, but not on the same scale as the Great Pyramids of Egypt or the Tajmahal in India. However, his articles can also be considered non-fiction. Through this experience, I pondered on becoming a writer. I learned academically as well as personal discovery of myself. If Jake were to return to speak again, I’m there.

Imprisonment In This Way For The Gas English Literature Essay

Imprisonment: it can take many signifiers, traditional imprisonment in a penitentiary, a non actual signifier of feeling imprisoned by being impoverished, and the actual signifier, a concentration cantonment. But the signifier that is rather misunderstood and undertaken is imprisonment in literature. Imprisonment in literature can germinate and stem out so many different ways. You could depict the life of a concentration cantonment victim, to a immature male child trapped by his parents in his place, or a immature adult male populating up in trees. This signifier of imprisonment is the most unostentatious signifier of seeing imprisonment, although many plants of literature show us how their characters are imprisoned. Its dry how a adult male sitting in a prison will read a fresh, or aggregation of short narratives, who might non be in the same state of affairs as him, but understand what is traveling on to him, that imprisoned supporter. Tadeusz Borowski and Italo Calvino have master fully incorporated and portrayed the motive and subject of imprisonment into their plants This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen and Baron In The Trees severally, along with enticing and elaborate enunciation, their plants make for great literature. This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, is written by a Polish Holocaust subsister Tadeusz Borowski, and is the rubric piece and first narrative of his aggregation of short narratives. Borowski was non one of the Jews, but a poet who suffered from depression. For this ground, the Nazis had sufficient ground to confine him at Auschwitz and Dachau because he was considered a political captive. Borowski ‘s positions toward his fellow captives and the Nazis were reasonably different than usually seen by concentration cantonment subsisters, chiefly because he was non Judaic. Harmonizing to Karen Bernarda, â€Å" it was n't that Borowski ‘s viewed his captivity in any more positive footings than the Jews with who he was imprisoned with, but he does non look to be able to divide the captives and the Nazis into scoundrels and victims. † In the narrative, This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, the storyteller Tadek, has become a member of a group called â€Å" Can ada † , which was responsible for rummaging through the Jews single properties in hunt of any concealed hoarded wealths they can salvage. Tadek, nevertheless, does in fact know that most or all these people coming off the trains are traveling to be sent to the gas Chamberss, and yet decides non state them this. During this clip, nevertheless, Tadek feels profound indignity about his occupation, but he besides believes the Jews are the 1s responsible for their imprisonment in the concentration cantonments, and besides feels it was the heartsick Jews who have destined him to experience ashamed of himself. Borowski says, â€Å" [ aˆÂ ¦ ] I am ferocious, merely ferocious with these people-furious because I must be here because of them. I feel no commiseration. I am non regretful they ‘re traveling to the gas chamber. Curse them all! I could throw myself at them, crush them with my fists. ( Borowski 116 ) † The unjust statement that Tadek is seeking to demo is that even the concentration cantonment captives who worked for the Nazis suffered every bit much as the Jews did, even though they were a*llowed to last. Bu*t they were besides forced to wo*rk for the Nazis which was, for Borowski, even more dehumanizing than being allowed to decease. Captive workers were forced to transport dead Jews to the crematory, every bit good as informant countless other sickening and ugly Acts of the Apostless. Not merely is Tadek imprisoned physically, he is imprisoned mentally every bit good. Just the sheer fact that person is running your life, and non allowing you do your ain determinations or picks, makes you experience as though you are an captive slave. If you were non mentally capable of taking this into consideration it was really improbable that you would hold survived in the Holocaust. It took a great trade of mental and physical strength to acquire through the imprisonment techniques of the Na zi government. Set in the peaceable vale of Ombrosa during the period of rational and societal agitation, Italo Calvino ‘s The Baron in the Trees relates the narrative of Cosimo Piovasco di Rondo , along with Cosimo ‘s brother Biagio, whom is the storyteller, provides the history and long standing tenseness of their household. Cosimo ‘s male parent, Baron Arminio, married the General of the War of Succession, Corradina. The Baron, who is â€Å" half-mad with a malicious run † , seems to mistreat his kids continuously ; and while Corradina is contending in the war on horseback it finally causes the kids to run rampantly, go brainsick, and finally non listen to their male parent. One twenty-four hours, when the Baron invites the Courts of France to tiffin at midday, Battista arrives with her new Gallic culinary art repast, snails. When Arminio forces Cosimo to eat the snails, it comes evident to Cosimo and the reader that he can no longer manage his male parent ‘s maltr eatment and shouting. Fling from the tabular array and ramping out of the house, Cosimo uses his ability to mount up a unrecorded oak tree in the backyard. In contrast to This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, Cosimo escaped the imprisonment and rough jokes of his male parent in order to populate a better life. However, Cosimo was come ining into another captive life style, one in the trees. Bing that Cosimo is imprisoned in the trees, he is deprived of the points, pleasances, and chances that lie merely beneath him on the land, This would take one to the idea that your pick will pin down you, whether it be an experiential pick or non. Your pick will take to a different way, a way that has an unpredictable hereafter. Possibly an captive life style is merely inevitable. Possibly with every determination you make you are come ining more and more into the imprisonment of your ain life. Unknowing what will go on in the hereafter, Cosimo jumps out of the trees and into the hot air b alloon, he now becomes imprisoned within that hot air balloon for an unknown sum of clip. Harmonizing to Jessica Page Morrell, â€Å" Whatever your themes-abandonment, loneliness, anarchy, justness, the dangers of seduction-the scene can heighten these constructs. † In This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, Tadeusz Borowski provides the grotesque, inhumane, scene of the Holocaust in order to supply a double penetration to the life of the Judaic and non-Jewish captives in the concentration cantonments. Borowski gives us a brief thought of how stray these cantonments were, and how he himself was isolated. Morrell states that â€Å" geographics and conditions are used most frequently as devices for isolation, † and being that these concentration cantonments were so far from any type of civilisation it is an first-class scene and topographic point for the short narratives. Right off Borowski starts his first short narrative with, â€Å" All of us walk around naked. The delousing is eventually over, and our stripy suits are back from the armored combat vehi cles of Cyclone B solution [ aˆÂ ¦ ] the heat is intolerable. The cantonment has been sealed off tight ( Borowski 29 ) . † This is a premier illustration of how scene enhanced the subject of imprisonment all while demoing the inhumane and unethical patterns used by the Nazis. The scene of Baron In The Trees is unvaried throughout the novel, but the chief scene would be in the trees. From the trees, Cosimo explained to his brother, he could see the Earth more visibly. Free from the dull modus operandi of an earthbound being, the Baron had antic escapades with plagiarists, adult females and undercover agents, and still had clip to read, and survey. Cosimo ‘s imprisonment, was non bad at all times, he got to bask some of the pleasance that people on the land have the award of making. The scene of Baron In The Trees non merely enhances the subject of the novel, but it besides develops a sense of topographic point that plays â€Å" an synergistic facet of the fictional novel that saturates temper and intending all while doing the reader rely on ocular and centripetal mentions ( Morrell 171 ) . † Harmonizing to the Merriam-Webster dictionary imprisonment agencies, to set in or as if in prison ; confine, and literature means inventive or originative authorship. When put together, the thoughts are implausible ; the writer takes the reader into a whole other universe. This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentelmen and Baron in The Trees, are two first-class plants of literature which portray the imprisonment of their several characters finely. Word Count: 1,454

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Marketing - Assignment Example Therefore, I want to interact with the consumer creatively; the ‘break’ concept can be creatively explored through the packaging and synced with its current advertising campaign. Taking a break in today’s fast paced life is integral. The current pack is very clean, in-your-face, well branded, but it has nothing else to say.  Before any design modification, I will spot the key visual equities that aid consumers identify the brand, I will just add in these elements for more interaction (Aaker 2004). I would refresh and rejuvenate the pack design rather than re-invent it because it is not necessary for loyal consumers to appreciate a pack transformation. To really get creative with the pack design I would replace the brand name with seasonal messages as well. For example, on Mother’s day I will design the packs creatively with an amazingly patterned embossed print on the wrapper with confetti which can say ‘The Best Mom Ever’; a celebration brea k for the mothers. I can also depict the ‘break’ by creatively executing the barcode as well, perhaps by leaving space between the horizontal

Target-Market Selection Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target-Market Selection - Research Proposal Example If the company does not pay enough attention in order to discern its exact target market, it could land up in trouble at the time of devising its marketing strategy since it would address a completely unknown marketing segment, one which was not asked for by the product’s target domains. Thus it is essential that the target market is selected in a proper manner as falling short on the same count could lead to wastage which no organization is willing to afford. Wastage can also happen if the secondary audience, one that is not exactly the audience for the said product is catered to the product and its message and thus there is a complete mix-up within the related ranks. (2) Beyond evaluating current businesses, designing the business portfolio involves finding businesses and products the company should consider in the future. Using the product-market expansion grid, illustrate the process that a company can use to evaluate a portfolio. Pick an example for your demonstration that is different from the one used in the text. Be sure your example covers all cells. The product-market expansion grid of Ansoff is basically a model that is useful in demonstrating a clear link between the different processes of the business unit strategy so that there is a clear cut identification of the growth opportunities for the business. Since this grid looks at product and market in different alignments, a company can analyze a portfolio by touching the method for market penetration where it could sell the product in an excessive manner by making it available in a wholesome quantity.

Leading through effective communication Term Paper

Leading through effective communication - Term Paper Example Although indecisive and less manipulative, this personality style makes for good leaders. Strong communication and an accommodating nature is what accounts for the strengths of these leaders. Communication styles and methods in effective leadership The importance of effective communication is especially felt while leading a group. The need for purposeful transfer of meaning to influence a person or a group of persons account is especially crucial for effective leadership. In other words it can be said that communication acts as a tool which is used by the leaders and it is the degree of successful use of this tool which determines how effective would be the leadership. Communication in leadership comprises of the entire range of resources and communication skills for creating and delivering messages across the two parties, overcoming interferences, directing, motivating and inspiring others for actions. As commented by Axelrod (2006), effective leadership is largely a matter of effec tive communication (Barrett, 2006, p.5). According to the views of Mayfield and Mayfield (2004), effective leaderships employ such communication process which motivates employees to accomplish their tasks. It is the communication style of leadership which helps to gain commitment towards the organizational purpose and mission (Jolley, 2010, p.25). According to Bass (1990), the participative style of leadership was associated with a high degree of honest, open, informal and two way communication. This particular style of communication is especially effective in resolving conflicts providing a common platform for the two parties to present their grievances against each other and generating a... The study reveals that communication is a predominant requirement in effective leadership. However, communication styles are different for different people depending on their personalities they display and the characteristics that they demonstrate. It is also apparent that leadership styles are shaped by the personalities that individuals possess and thus consequently the communication style that they use. However, according to the views of researchers and authors, irrespective of the leadership styles that an individual demonstrate the need for effective communication is an absolutely essential for effective leadership. Moreover, with globalization and organizational structures becoming highly complex and attracting talents from all over the world, organizations are working with people belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds. Thus the levels of differences and conflicts have also gone up. Thus leaders demonstrating the power to resolve conflicts, and overcome communication and cul tural barrier and high negotiating skills are found to be most successful in leading followers. Thus among all the leadership styles the participative style is recommended in today’s organizations. This demonstrates an open and honest form of communication style which allows both parties to confront and communicate with each other. It emphasises greatly on resolving organizational conflicts by providing a common platform for all to present their grievances and problems and consequently arriving at a suitable solution.

Physical Education Observation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physical Education Observation - Coursework Example Girls would just do the best they could without much pressure. This sounds more like gender biasness but in her defense, she thought that boys’ games were more physical than that of girls. Therefore, boys would need more energy as well as tactics to improve their game. The coach had excellent instructional cues, for instance, when she wanted to remind a certain player to focus on the ball, see where it is moving towards, and when to intercept and catch it. She would tell them to focus on the game. Another observation on instructional cue was reminding the players to absorb the force of a thrown ball and catching without dropping it. Here she would tell them to create a soft home. The coach also had many positive feedbacks to both teams. This worked so positively to the kids as they felt motivated and excited for more exercises as well as competitive games. Through such feedbacks, the coach brought the team together and it looked united despite the diversity among every student. Due to these impacts, the coach did not receive any criticism from the players or other coaching staff because the team was developing so

US Gulf Oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US Gulf Oil - Essay Example The two articles bring out a sharp contrast between those who are for the oil drilling process and those against it. Kent Gaber in his article argues that there is the need for oil therefore; offshore drilling of the oil is the solution to the escalating oil prices.The politicians are also in support of the expansion of the drilling area to increase production of oil in order to curb the energy crisis in the country whereas Bob Keefe is more concerned of the effects to humanity and the aquatic life that would come about as a result of conducting this exercise. Gaber is for the opinion that majority of the Americans are in favor of the oil drilling process for the hope of the reduction of oil prices but kefee argues that the drilling would bring devastating effects to the aquatic life, the water movement and contribute dangerously to global warming. Gaber further argues that the oil price crisis is more complex than it is assumed by the American people. Furthermore, the unavailability of the complex drilling equipment as Gaber argues is the impediment to the drilling process leading to low production and not being able to meet the demands of oil for the American people whereas Kefee argues that lack of this equipments both for drilling and for monitoring the whole process in order to avoid the risk of spillages as lead to oil leakages and spillages and thus causing unwanted effects to the environment. The Government is in full support of the oil drilling process with the congress arguing that oil drilling is the way to go in its quest to fight the energy crisis saying that the past oil spillages are unlikely to occur due to the use of new technologies in the drilling process but at the same time there is no human endeavor without faults and hence exposing humanity to risk. (Gaber, 7&Kefee, 40) The drilling as the American people think is expected to result in immediate reduction of the global oil prices but Kefee argues that this is not the case as drilling does not directly result to decreased oil prices as it is a complex process which could take years or decades for the situation to change. The oil drilling companies are pushing further to the deeper waters where the oil is more and thus resulting to more and more exploitation of the environment. The government is in support of this as it aims to lift a ban on the drilling sites and allow more drilling to take place .Gaber argues that although the whole process is aimed at benefiting the American people, it is incredibly dirty and it could damage the precious coastal beaches. (Gaber, 8&Kefee, 15) Gaber also argues that company leases have taken place as a result of the inadequacy of oil and this therefore supports his general believe that the companies should be allowed to drill oil in order to keep them in operation but Kefee is states categorically that the more the oil the companies are allowed to exploit the more it is detrimental to the environment and the people in it. This is con strained by the fact that only a limited number of individual companies have got the technology to exploit the oil and on top of that it normally takes a long period of time before the oil starts flowing. (Gaber, 7&Kefee, 40) Kefee further says that even the long serving personalities in the oil industry such as Bullock are against the idea of allowing more exploitation of oil arguing that offshore drilling and management are not the sole solutions to the oil crisis as it involves more that just that. He further says that the risk of a tanker causing spillage is higher than the benefits that could be obtained by merely drilling more wells of oil but Gaber says that the available oil fields are limited for the increasing number of oil exploiting and drilling companies and therefore it requires expansion of these fields to cater for the increased number. Some Americans such as Jacqueline M. Lloyd believe that their status quo has changed as a result of the oil drilling and transportat ion process. The oil spillage he says has

English 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English 2 - Essay Example My immediate inspiration was my pictures. Looking through my pictures gave me a few ideas for scrapbook pages. In the end, my finished scrapbook had pages revolving around holidays and my birthdays and involving the gathering of my friends and family. The activity made me discover that scrap booking is a fun and creative outlet and past time activity (Carter 3). To reward my friend for her help, I told her I was cooking for dinner and asked her to stay. Being not busy on weekends, I often find cooking a great way to relax without spending a lot of money eating out. I love Chinese food and rice is one of my favorites as well, so I cooked my favorite Chinese fried rice recipe. We spent the rest of the evening eating and watching videos. I am planning to do some long overdue cleaning in my room this coming weekend. I have to admit that I am one of the most disorganized human beings there is, but cleaning my room on Saturday morning should still give me enough time for some leisure activity on Sunday. I plan to start with the cabinets and drawers of my room, which I had stuffed with all kinds of junk. Then I will organize my belongings, get rid of garbage and put my clothes in their proper place. Once I have cleaned everything in the room, I will begin throwing away all the trash. I will take all that I want to get rid of and place them in a garbage bag to be donated to charity. After organizing my room, all I have to do is to vacuum or sweep the floor, clean any mirrors or glass surfaces, and make the bed. Investing the time to change bed sheets, organize the drawers, and my table will ensure that I have a comfortable Sunday. On Sunday, I will be stressed out and in need of some rest and relaxation. That is why I am considering spending the entire day reading a novel I had recently bought. For me, reading is an effective way to relax and recharge my tired body. As soon as I come home from church in the morning, I will turn off my cell phone, play some light

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business - Essay Example The firm’s revenues – from its retail sales in its major 19 brands – in 2010 were estimated to $1 billion/ per brand, i.e. about 19 billion in total (2010 Annual Report, p.16); the firm’s employees have been estimated to 285,000 in the firm’s branches worldwide (PepsiCo, The Company 2011). 1.2 Aims and mission of the company The firm’s mission is clearly stated in its website; in accordance with its mission and vision statement, the firm’s key mission is to become the leading firm in its industry – worldwide. At the same time, emphasis is given on the firm’s visions, which include the improvement of the firm’s ‘social, economic and natural environment’ (PepsiCo, The Company 2011). Moreover, it is made clear that profitability is not the key aim of the firm; expansion in the world market is among the firm’s priority but this expansion needs to be combined by the promotion of the interests of the firm’s stakeholders – as noted in the firm’s mission and vision statement (PepsiCo, The Company 2011). 2. ... eholders are defined as follows – in accordance with the firm’s website: ‘consumers, communities, associates, retail customers, investors, partners and suppliers’ (PepsiCo, Stakeholders 2011). Therefore, the relationship between PepsiCo and its stakeholders implies the policies that the company has promoted in order to respond to the needs of the above groups of persons; it also implies the views of stakeholders (as described above) on the practices of the firm. These views can be identified through the following ways: the level of the firm’s profitability (in case of high profitability, the acceptance of the firm’s corporate social responsibility policies by its stakeholders is assumed) and the market research (developed by the company, by its competitors or by independent researchers). Having identified the firm’s stakeholders, the examination of their relationship with the firm could proceed. Two are the key questions that should be addressed: which are the main needs of the firm’s stakeholders and how well has the firm managed to respond to these needs. Reference is made to an indicative example of the firm’s corporate social responsibility, showing its ability to respond to the needs of its stakeholders: the response of the firm to the accident (Oil spill) by BP in the Gulf of Mexico. These issues are analytically presented in the section that follows. 2.2 How well does PepsiCo impact on society and its stakeholders? In order to understand the relationship between the firm and its stakeholders it would be necessary primarily to present the interests of these stakeholders (as described above); then the practices of the firm for protecting these interests could be presented and evaluated. Referring to each particular category of the firm’s

International Accounting Standard 19, Employee Benefits Research Paper

International Accounting Standard 19, Employee Benefits - Research Paper Example This paper will also focus on how to improve the financial reporting regarding the pension benefits and identify the main problems in the current financial reporting system for pension. IAS has issued several directives on employee benefits. Employee benefits can be subdivided into short term, long term, post-employment and termination benefits. The new IAS 19 is a great achievement because it offers many advantages to the employees. On the other hand, it also suffers from certain disadvantages, which can be mitigated in due course of time with suitable amendments. Roadmap: The paper first deals with the IAS 19 frameworks and explains the standards of IAS 19 relating to employee benefits. IAS 19 is the framework for evaluating the employee benefits. Then the paper takes up the controversies in IAS 19 standards relating to various schemes especially pension related issues. The next discussion segment in the paper is the old IAS 19 standards and the latest IAS 19 standards. The last di scussion segment is the latest amendments made in the IAS 19 standards. The papers dwell not only on the latest amendments but also such amendments which have been proposed to be implemented. All specific points relating to the IAS 19 have been stated considered in the paper. Evidences taken to support the ideas projected in the paper have been provided as references. Lastly, appropriate conclusions have been drawn and stated in the paper. Subheadings with specific points supported by evidence The IAS 19 framework: Under the wide term of IAS 19 come all employee benefits which include short term, long term, post employment, retirement, termination and compensation benefits. The short term employee benefits can be categorized as salary and bonus payments, paid and unpaid leaves and other short term non monetary benefits like medical and housing facility etc. The long term benefits include the employee’s long term leave and service benefits. The main aspect in IAS 19 is the pos t employment benefit section or to be more specific, the subject of pension. IAS 19 is the direction provider to post employment and post retirement benefits and pension benefit is one of the most important post employment benefits. Controversies in IAS 19: IAS 19 became a controversial standard and one of the main reasons for this was that the accounting standard for pension was not correctly adhered to. IAS 19 is an accounting standard which covers the reporting of all employee benefits and the most debated topic is the discussion on pensions, especially the employer sponsored, defined benefit pension plans. Pension plans can basically be divided into two categories. It can either be a defined contribution or a defined benefit plan. In the defined contribution plan the employer has to bear a lot of expenses because the unfunded benefits are usually recorded as a liability in the balance sheet. â€Å"Under IAS 19 recommendations, unfunded benefits are to be recorded, as a general rule, as liabilities in the balance sheet of the sponsoring employer. In defined contribution plans, the employer’s annual contribution under the terms of the occupational plan should be recognized as an expense.† (Yermo& Stewart, 2007, P.48). IAS 19 has been subjected to several amendments but still organizations have been incurring high losses due to several reasons. IAS 19 has

Critical Response of an image Essay Example for Free

Critical Response of an image Essay Advertisement is a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing. It is also bringing into awareness a new product or idea. Advertising generally tries to sell the things that consumers want even if they should not wish for them. Advertising things that consumers do not need for is not effective use of the advertiser’s money. A majority of what advertisers sell consists of customer items like food, clothing, cars and services†¦ things that people desire to have. On the other hand it is believed by some advertising experts that the greatest influence in advertising happens in choosing a brand at the point of sale. Advertising appeals to consumers through common images; the logo used is well-designed and there is a clear separation of art from commerce. Advertisers use these iconic images to appeal to consumers since they symbolize or stand directly for something. The image for MacDonald’s symbolizes its quality. Therefore, advertisers use these images to communicate much more than words, since they seem to convey the message without too much effort. According to McDonald’s website, their mission statement is â€Å"to be our customers favorite place and way to eat. The worldwide operations have been aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to win centering on the five basics of an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. It’s committed to improving the operations and enhancing the customers experience. For decades, Macdonald’s has maintained a broad advertising campaign. In addition to the media, the company makes considerable use of signage and billboards, sporting events and coolers of drinks with their logo for all kinds of events In the case of McDonald’s advertising the texts used are effective. They have contributed in attracting targeted clients to the company. The wordings are extremely pleasing and successful at getting the consumers to buy the products. The phrase ‘I’m Lovin’ it’ which is used in one of the advertisements, indicates a piece of advertising that is particularly striking. According to Cross â€Å"propagandas is simply a means of persuasion†, which they have applied that to their place because it is evidently an artistic expression, yet is trying to sell something to the consumers. The company’s effectively is truthful since the business brings in new customers and creates new products. The company released a burger that is low fat, and which targeted adults in response to the consumers’ desire for healthier options. The company has learned from its previous mistakes, like going after the wrong target market of adults instead of young adults. This however, resulted to a turn around strategy, which later led to increase in sale and profits. McDonald’s has managed to implement strategies that satisfy the changing need of the customer. The company, being an international restaurant within the quick service restaurant, requires a very high level of promotional campaigns to remain competitive. This has been so, since some of the most memorable commercials in fast food industry have emerged from this particular company. Effective speaking has contributed to its world-wide expansion and in its listing on the public stock markets. With the expansion of McDonald’s to a worldwide market, the company has become a symbol of globalization. At the same time, it has acted as the spread of the American system of living. Its prominence has also resulted to regular topics of public debates on obesity, business ethics and consumer responsibility. The company also introduced a cafà © style in accompaniment to the restaurant. To accommodate the recent trend of high quality coffee and recognition of coffee shops in general. A number of locations are connected to convenience stores and gas stations, this level of achievement is an indication of effective advertising or else truthful rhetoric. The corporation also earns revenue as an investor in properties, as an operator and franchiser of restaurants. The company’s business model is slightly different from other fast- food chains. In addition, franchising fees and marketing fees are calculated as a proportion of sales. Many researchers, including some writers believe there is a connection between advertisement and harmful behaviors. Some suggest that advertisements affect children negatively especially young women. Lutz argues that the manner in which advertisers modify the meaning of words is able to have a harmful effect on languages and how it is used. The author believes that the relationship amid humans and any form of culture can be complicated. However there is no denial that there is a relationship between behavior and advertising. On the other hand, it is not convincing on the directness and similarity about the relationship between media and advertising. Lutz continues to argue that advertisers use language to imply a great thing about products and services without promising anything at all. With extensive skill, advertisers can create an advertisement that makes us to believe that a particular product is better than it is without having to lie about it. (Lutz, 448) According to Machesney, adverting must build a brand while speaking with one voice. They develop economies in the creative process, while maximizing its local effectiveness and it increases the company’s speed of implementation. It is the key to determining success of the organization. The ability to identify the key of an ad that contributes to its success leads to maximization of the economy of scale. (Machesney, 265) Critics argue that commercialization of all fields of society, increases in consumption and wastes resources; privatization of public space and the negative influence on the lifestyle is due to overrated advertising. Advertising to some extent has contributed tremendously to destroying non-material possessions. Public service adverting is an adverting technique used in promoting goods and services. It is crucial in forming, educating and motivating the public about non commercial issues like conserving energy, deforestation and political ideology. It is an influential and educational tool that is capable of motivating and reaching larger audiences. Adverting justifies its existence when used in the public interest. It is too much a powerful tool to be used for commercial purposes only. Infomercials are televisions commercials with a longer format; they are very useful in creating an impulse purchase, so that the moment the consumer observes the presentation, it is followed by immediate purchase of the product through the advertised toll free number. Infomercials describe, display and frequently demonstrate products and their features. They commonly have testimonials from industry professionals and consumers. According to Williamson, press advertising is an influential means of advertising. It describes advertising in printed medium such as newspapers, journals or magazines. This involves everything from media with a broad readership base. It allows private companies or individuals to purchase a small targeted advertisement at a low fee to advertise their products and services. (Williamson, 255) Celebrity branding is another powerful form of advertising that mainly focuses on using a celebrity popularity to gain recognition for the product. Celebrities are frequently involved in advertising campaigns like televisions or print adverts to advertise general or specific program. This can lead to great success if it is endorsed by various companies, and practiced prudently. Online advertising is the most recent and productive form of advertising. It reaches a massive audience at the same time being affordable, as compared to other mediums. This is achieved by the use of World Wide Web to express the purpose of delivering marketing messages to draw customers.

Relationship Between Motivation And Performance

Relationship Between Motivation And Performance 1) To review the literature in order to understand the relationship between staff motivation and performance (including low absenteeism, reduced staff turnover etc.),and how increased empowerment of staff can improve staff motivation(including the comparison with the relevant motivating factors). 2) To review the literature in order to identify what is considered to be good practice in terms of both empowerment and recognition and to compare this with the current practice at the Bombay Hospital THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAFF MOTIVATION AND INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE Shortages can be a symptom of demotivation, poor management and lack of organizational support (Zurn et al., 2005). Shortages are resulting in heavy workload, which is a precursor to job stress, and burnout, which have also been linked to low job motivation. Nurses job motivation is an elusive concept, which is defined within its extrinsic and intrinsic values (Cowin, 2002). Extrinsic values encompass the tangible aspects of the job including wages, benefits and bonuses, whereas intrinsic values include status, recognition, personal and professional development opportunities, and other similar factors (Cowin, 2002). Reasons for nurse demotivation have been well documented in the nursing literature. Such reasons include lack of involvement in decision-making, poor relationship with management, low salaries and poor benefits, lack of job security, poor recognition and lack of flexibility in scheduling (Albaugh,2003). Nurse demotivation has been also linked to emotional exhaustion and b urnout, Which can affect patient outcomes (Aiken et al., 1997). Furthermore Shields Ward (2001) and Tzeng (2002) has also stated that improper motivation is a primary predictor of nurses intent to leave (Shields Ward, 2001; Tzeng, 2002). A study conducted in the United States presented evidence showing that demotivated nurses were 65% more likely to have intent to leave compared to the motivated counterparts (Shields Ward, 2001). Other predictors of intent to leave vary from other motivation factors like low salaries and fringe benefits, inflexible work schedule (Coomber Barriball, 2007; Hayes et al, 2006), career advancement prospects (Tzeng, 2002, Rambur et al., 2003), in addition to poor management and job stress (Rambur et al., 2003). Nurses turnover is linked to situational factors (Larrabee et al., 2003) such as low levels of motivation (Tzeng, 2002). It is worth noting that improper motivation has also been found to be a better predictor of intent to leave as compared to the avail ability of other employment opportunities (Shields Ward, 2001; Purani Sahadev 2007). A study by El-Jardali et al. (2007) also found a negative correlation between motivation and intention to leave in Lebanese nurses. Their studys main objective was to examine the impact of motivation as a predictor variable on intention to leave used as dependent variable in the study. The finding of the study reveals that the main cause of the dissatisfaction and hence intention to leave was negatively associated with hospitals motivation schemes such as compensation and incentives (extrinsic rewards). Purani and Sahadev (2007) used motivation with multi-faceted construct as predictor variable and examine its impact on intention to leave among the nurses in India. Assuming one of the role as interaction and communication with clients and patient of both profession is common, their study also used experience as moderating variables to examine how working experience could affect motivation and inte ntion to leave relationship. Purani and Sahadev (2007) found that employees with long stay at workplace had higher level of motivation and would not incline to quit. Their finding also suggested that motivation and intention to leave relationship framework must also have other demographic variables consideration into the model of motivation and intention to leave. Pearson and Chong (1997) also examined the impact of job content and job information on motivation among Malaysian nurses in large public sector hospital. They found that job information is stronger predictor to nurses motivation and therefore argued that intrinsic factors such as job information and organization commitment also influence nurses motivation. However, they did recommend that motivation with information cues available to nurses are crucial to determine nurses motivation which may lead to intent to leave or higher job burnout, if not available. Tzeng (2002) examined the impact of working motivational factors a s well as job satisfaction factors as independent variables on nurses intention to leave in cross-sectional study in Taiwan. He found that low levels of motivation, emotional exhaustion and burnout and to the poor social image of the nursing profession influenced nurses intention to leave in Taiwans hospitals. This study therefore, suggested that motivation is a multi-faceted construct and should have both intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors to measure job satisfaction (Tzeng, 2002). HOW MOTIVATION AFFECTS EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE The extent to which employees are motivated in their work depends on how well those employees are able to provide output in their job. Motivation is expected to have a positive effect on quality performance. Employees who are characterized by a high level of motivation show a higher work and life satisfaction. Having a high level of motivation is therefore in itself valuable for employees and a decrease in motivation might affect employees negatively. The motivation leads to high level of initiative and creativity from the employee and where monitoring is difficult, motivation is therefore extremely important for ensuring high quality performance. In Armco Health Center, the quality of employee performance is measured by three individual measures of employee performance. The first measure of the individual performance items is a self-rating measure of employee performance through a program called SAP. The performance of the employee asks to indicate eight-points scale how well the em ployee is doing the job. The second measure of the performance of the Armco Health Center is the extent to which the nurses are willing to conduct tasks that are not part of their job description. The employees are asked to report on the SAP about their willingness to perform additional tasks that are not expected from them regularly and to think constructively about how the organization they work for could be proved. Last item that measure the performance of the nurses are the number of days they were absent. EMPOWERMENT AND STAFF MOTIVATION Nursing is increasingly broad in scope and encompasses an ever widening range of work behaviors and role responsibilities. However, they work within a climate of uncertainty and disempowerment along with high organizational demands placing them under considerable stress (1,2). This condition threatens both physical and emotional wellbeing of nurses and the profession itself and may results to low nurses commitment which in turn may contribute to disengagement or withdrawal of nurses from their organizations (3,4). Consequently, threatens organizational functioning and the quality care, since low nurses commitment leads to absenteeism or poor performance (5). However, the nurses low commitment is being a problem in many countries, Aiken et al(6) have cautioned that the health care workforce faces the serious risk of losing one in five registered nurse for reasons other than retirement. Supportively, several other studies revealed that the turnover rate for hospital registered nurse is among the highest rates found for professional and technical occupational groups (7,8). In addition, in 2002 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) recorded that current annual registered nurse turnover rates range from 18% to 26% (9). Moreover, Victorian Governmental Department of Human Services Research suggests that at low levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, retention of nursing staff is difficult and this in turn increases absenteeism (10). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, like many other countries is also suffering from nursing low commitment which evidenced by registered nurses high turnover rate and resignation(11). However, some national studies and articles highlighted that governmental sectors in Riyadh city were suffering for many years from high turnover rate of nurses that reached to 70% in some hospitals and resulted in high nurses shortage (12,13) . Along with working condition, salary, nursing disempowerment and uncertainty being cited to explain why the nurses exhibit poor work performance or uncommitted to their organization. In a research conducted by Attree (17) that studies the relationship between nurses perception regarding their control and governance , revealed that registered nurse were dissatisfied with their governance, perceived lack of control over their everyday practice and commented on a popular perception that they had become disempowered , lacked influence and asserted that they have fairly little power. Its the managers and physicians who have the power, not nurses. Both managers and physicians decided, told and expected from the nurse to just get on with it, without discussion, or negotiation. As Salvage (18), nurses may see themselves as skilled practitioners, but the public still clings to its old image of the nurse as the doctors handmaiden. This indicates that nurses are not powerless due to lack in competence, motivation, and/or information, but because lack of awareness and enabling system and structure. Foser and Hoggett (19) termed this situation as a Do more with less culture where rhetoric is designed to empower the exhausted workers by emphasizing their commitment to organizational goals . However, disparity between the nurses desired and perceived autonomy and control over daily job activities interferes with nurses attempts to perform according to their expectations as professionals and may contribute to disengagement and withdrawal from the profession of nursing (17). Parallel to this is the national view of nursing in Saudi culture. Abu- Zinada (11,20) stated in many articles that the nurses were disempowered, and have a feeling of uncertainty. In contrast, she saw that the nurse has the right to make decisions that are separate of the physician ones. Moreover, Al-morshed (21) considered that the nurses were not assistants to the physician or that their role is limited to giving injection or helping a patient, since the nursing is a science before everything. Thus, creating conditions that foster a sense of empowerment in healthcare settings are critical to both employee wellbeing and organizational success(22) . For employee well-being, empowerment offers opportunities for learning, development, and playing a more active role in operational decisions through the personal development and involvement in decision making. As a result, employees can sense their feelings of self-worth, meaningfulness, job satisfaction and morale that result from their contributions and control or autonomy over their work. Additionally, empowerment is essential for enhancing nurses role, strengthening the professional image, and continuously improving the healthcare system. It allows the nurses to perform in a professional manner by being more autonomous, responsible and participative (23). For organizational success, many hospitals uses the concept of empowerment as a retention strategies to improve nurses commitment by fostering the desire not to leave the organization for selfish interests or marginal gains, and increase willingness to work by making personal sacrifice, performing beyond normal expectations , endure difficult times with an organization and increasing acceptance of organizations values and goals . As a consequence, nurses will be less burned-out and more engaged in their work and will contribute to organizational effectiveness (24). Although, the concept of empowerment is frequently used in health services and in nursing ,particularly in relation to the quality of care, since the mission of nursing is to provide safe and quality nursing care thereby enabling patients to achieve their maximum level of wellness(25). Also empowerment play a significant role in the management of job stress and job satisfaction as well as in nurse attraction and retention ( 26). Hence, creating healthy work conditions that empowered nurses and provide freedom to act according to their expectation as a professional, may be a fruitful strategy for nurse managers and administrators to retain nurses who currently work by promoting their commitment to the organization, especially in a critical care settings. Nowadays, many seek power but few possess it. Nurses are not exception (Marquis and Huston, 2000). In health care settings, an unequal power base exists among administrator, physicians, and nurses as a result of the competing goals of administration and the coexistence of multiple lines of authority (Sabiston and Laschinger, 1995). The rigidity of hierarchical rule-bound structures has been specifically blamed for nurses inability to sufficiently control the content of their practice (Laschinger and Havens, 1996). Kanter (1993) proposed that an individuals effectiveness on the job is influenced largely by organizational aspects of the work environment. This author identified power and access to opportunities to learn and grow, as structural determinants affecting the behavior of the individual. This power is derived from the ability to mobilize information, support, and resources necessary for getting the job done. Access to these empowering structures is influenced by the degree of formal and informal power an employee has in the organization (Kanter,1993). Formal power evolves from having a defined job that affords flexibility, visibility and centrality to organizational purpose and goals whereas informal power is determined by the extent of employees networks and alliances with sponsors, peers, and subordinates within the organization. Access to these empowering structures has a positive impact on employees, resulting in increase in their job satisfaction, level of organizational commitment and feelings of autonomy. Consequently, employees are more productive and effective in meeting organizational goals (Dutcher and Adams, 1994 ; Laschinger et. al., 1999). Nurses autonomy or control over work was seriously limited by unequal power relationships with medical staff, which enhanced physician power and restricted the nurses freedom, and consequently hindered their empowerment (McParland et al., 2000). To achieve excellence in nursing requires empowered staff nurses in order to be effective in their roles, and to be more autonomous (Marquis and Huston, 2000). Nurses who perceive them to be empowered are more likely to enhance client care through more effective work practice. Thus by providing the sources of job-related empowerment and autonomy, work methods and outcomes could be improved (Kanter, 1993; Sabiston and Laschinger, 1995). EMPOWERMENT IMPROVES MOTIVATION Empowerment. Thomas and Velthouse (1990) define empowerment as personal power that flows from professional growth, which is correlated with job satisfaction. Klakovich (1995) further states that the empowerment of nursing staff may be the critical variable in achieving positive organizational outcomes while maintaining the caring values of the nursing profession Klakovich (1996) defines three dimensions of empowerment as reciprocity, synergy, and ownership. Empowerment is a reciprocal leader-follower relationship that advances and aligns strategies, both organizational and individual (Klakovich, 1995). The Reciprocal Empowerment Scale tool reports in three subscales: reciprocity and synergy sub-scales represent the interactive leader/follower process; the ownership subscale represents the outcomes . Reciprocity involves a leadership behavior pattern of sharing power, support and information. Empowerment Research has shown correlations between nursing leadership job satisfaction and e mpowerment (Laschinger et al., 2003; Mrayyan, 2004). In recent years, the idea of empowerment has become popular in the nursing literature (Kluska et al., 2000; Laschinger Finegan, 2005). The review of the literature reveals empowerment being used in various contexts; such as, mental health, chronic care, and health promotion (Dahlgaard Dahlgaard, (2003), Paterson(2001) . In these contexts, the concept of empowerment incorporates positive and respectful relationships through constant dialog (Ellefsen Hamilton, (2000) Prybil( 2003). Morrison, Jones, and Fuller (1997) performed a non-experimental descriptive study that explored the effects of leadership style and empowerment on nursing job satisfaction. The participants included various nursing personnel, such as nurse managers, nursing assistants, nursing clinical leaders, licensed practical nurses and staff nurses. The researchers examined how staff nurses perceived empowerment The researchers results in their variance analysis i ndicated a statistically significant difference in empowerment among different job classifications within the organization Empowerment accounted for more variance with job satisfaction for licensed personnel than for unlicensed personnel, as well as, for differing by type of satisfaction. The researchers findings indicate the importance of empowerment to staff nurse job satisfaction. They also show the contribution of empowerment to job motivation and how they vary by personnel. This study gives reason for performing this research study that examined the relationship of nurse empowerment and motivation Furthermore, studies have shown that Indian nurses had a moderate empowerment level and their actual work empowerment perception was significantly lower than their expectation (Huang, Lin, Hsu, Chen, Huang, 2003). The findings also showed that nurses had the lowest score on participation in decision making. Researchers pointed out that the nursing leaders tended to use authority and might only consult several members opinions for decision making. The opportunity for nurses to participate in decision making is limited. As such, frontline nurses might think decision making is the managers responsibility, not theirs (Mok Au-Yeung, 2002). Participation can be seen as the highest level of empowerment. Nurses level of participation in decision making (PDM) can be used as an important indicator of empowerment. In western health care system, it has been found that the area where nurses prefer to be involved in decision-making is more related to the context of nursing practice, such as nursing unit operation (Blegen et al., 1993). Yet, in Indian nurses PDM is still not well studied. The extent to which nurses prefer to be or are actually involved in decision making is still not clear. Laschinger and Finegan (2005) surveyed 273 medical, surgical and critical care nurses concluding that structural empowerment had a direct effect on organizational trust and respect, job motivation and commitment. An important addition to the understanding of empowerment in nursing education was another finding that empowerment increased motivation level of the nurses (Falk-Raphael, Chinn, Anderson, Laschinger, Rubotzky, 2004) Work empowerment has been linked to many other important organizational outcomes, such as job motivation, organizational commitment, lower levels of job stress and empowering leader behaviors (Spence-Laschinger, Tuer-Hodes, 2003). Hollinger-Smith and Ortigara (2004) stated that nurses perceptions of work empowerment are related to commitment to and trust in the organization, autonomy, participation in organizational decision-making, and job motivation. Increased autonomy and work motivation have been directly linked to nurse retention and increased patient satisfaction (Hollinger-Smith Ortigara, 2004). Empowering work environments can also influence nurses ability to practice in a professional manner, ensuring excellent patient care and positive organizational outcomes. Organizational changes have a direct effect on the work environment and may contribute to higher rates of demotivation, burnout and absenteeism among staff (Kuokkanen, Savikko Doran, 2007). Factors of empowerment c an also provide a way to measure the effects of organizational changes (Kuokkanen et al., 2007). To achieve excellence in nursing requires empowered staff nurses in order to be effective in their roles, and to be more autonomous (Marquis and Huston, 2000). Nurses who perceive them to be empowered are more likely to enhance patient care through more effective work practice. Thus by providing the sources of job-related empowerment and autonomy, work methods and outcomes could be improved (Kanter, 1993; Sabistonand Laschinger, 1995). In Sochalskis (2002) survey of nurse empowerment , it was found that 1 out of 3 staff nurse participants (manager and staff level) were dissatisfied and hence demotivated in their job. Increasing job satisfaction, as it positively correlates with empowerment and organizational commitment, is a strategy to help retain employees (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, Casier, 2000). As patient care becomes more technologically advanced and complex, (requiring greater experience on the part of nursing staff to perform the job correctly), workplace stability and a utonomy become invaluable in a hospital setting (Laschinger et al,2000.). Many researchers have concluded that building collaborative decision making teams will empower both nursing and managerial staff; which boosts morale and work performance (Cowin, 2002 Kluska et al., 2004). Ellefsen and Hamilton (2000) concluded that nurse empowerment encourages nurses in management positions to perform their duties efficiently and with confidence and competence. Research suggests when hospital leadership encourages subordinate empowerment; there is a direct link to increased subordinate job satisfaction and motivation (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, Wilk, 2001). Evidence has shown that empowered nurses shift their self-perceived role from that of a subordinate to collaborator; which encourages consensus building, improves job ownership, improves trust and the followers motivation, sense of responsibility and organizational commitment( Wagner ,2006 Watson, 2002). Empowerment not only increase s job motivation, but inspirational and visionary transformational leadership encourages the highest level of staff efficiency and productivity (Keuter, Byrne, Voell, Larson, 2000; Moss Rowles, 1997). Masi (2000) concluded that empowerment provides opportunities for choice and promotes autonomy, which allows subordinates to demonstrate their competencies. The espoused benefits of empowerment The supposed benefits of empowerment can be broadly divided into two areas: benefits for the organization; and benefits for the individual. Much of the empirical research into empowerment has focused on organizational benefits assuming that these are the driving force behind attempts to engender empowered working (Cunningham et al., 1996). Certainly the motivation for managerial adoption of empowerment is typically driven to help managers manage and improve work organization and job performance, not to primarily create an environment that is beneficial for the employee (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). Global competition and a changing business environment have prompted organizational change in response to increased pressures to improve efficiency and performance (Lawler et al., 1992). It has been argued that organizations with higher levels of empowerment have demonstrated improvements in various economic performance areas (Applebaum et al., 1999). The economic benefits of empowerment s pecifically may be difficult to assess as often it is introduced as part of a broader initiative such as BPR and TQM (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). Despite the espoused organisational benefits Argyris (1998) argues that empowerment has still not delivered the promised benefits, remaining a myth rather than reality. While it could be argued that the primary motive for empowerment is initially driven by the need to improve the economic performance of the organisation, benefits to the individual employee have also been identified. Nykodym et al. (1994) found that employees who consider themselves empowered have reduced conflict and ambiguity in their role, as they are able to control (to a certain extent) their own environment. They suggested that this reduces emotional strain on the employee. Similarly, it has been suggested that empowered employees have a greater sense of job satisfaction, motivation and organisational loyalty (Koberg et al., 1999, Spreitzer et al., 1997). Empowerment cannot only impact attitudes but it can also impact on performance, specifically employee productivity (Koberg et al., 1999) and employee effectiveness (Spreitzer et al., 1997). Overall the literature points to many potential benefits to both organisations and employees like if the workplace empowerment is successful, then it produces a win-win situation (Lashley, 1999). However, despite the strong support for empowerment in theory, in practice empowerment may exist in rhetoric only and control is the reality for employees (Sewell and Wilkinson, 1992). Although it may be considered that employee empowerment will improve organizational performance but it is possible that empowered employees are not necessarily more motivated or have higher levels of job satisfaction (Collins, 1999). Thus the benefits of empowerment should not be assumed to automatically occur nor should the rhetoric of empowerment be confused with the reality. Measurement of the employee benefits is very difficult t o achieve. Unlike organisational benefits which can be measured using objective facts, individual benefits are much more complex. Certain objective measures, such as absence and turnover rates have been applied in this context (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). However, it is often considered that softer measures of employees attitudes may provide informative insights omitted by other more tangible measures (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). FACTORS IMPORTANT FOR MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES One of the most perplexing healthcare retention issues is keeping newly licensed nurses from leaving after just a year or two of employment in the clinical setting (Zucker, Goss, Williams, Bloodworth, Lynn, Denker, et al., 2006). Kovner, Brewer, and Djukic (2007) presented evidence that 13% of newly licensed 1490 RNs had changed principal jobs after one year, and 37% reported that they felt ready to change jobs. Nurses leave the profession mainly because of low pay and poor job satisfaction (DiMeglio, Padula, Piatek, 2005)Hence pay and motivation at workplace are very important factors of retaining the staff. Therefore, nurse leaders are faced with two challenges: to recruit sufficiently qualified nurses and to establish rewarding work cultures that promote retention. Recruiting a younger generation of nursing staff members and meeting retention demands of cross-generational nurses will be a challenge like no other previously seen in healthcare (Cordinez, 2002). Newly licensed nurse s recruitment and retention into the workplace are fundamental strategies for ensuring that healthcare systems have the continued capacity to deliver patient care (Berliner Ginzberg, 2002). Understanding why newly licensed registered nurses choose to remain in nursing is an essential component of recruitment and retention strategies. Despite a recent four year trend of increasing nursing school enrollment and graduation of qualified nurses (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2005), the latest data on the shortage of RNs in the United States is estimated to reach about 500,000 by 2025 (Buerhas, Staiger, Auerbach, 2000.This study shows that nursing shortage is going to increase and hence motivating factors like pay,proper work environment and empowerment are necessary for retaining the experienced nurse staff. Hecker (2005) predicts that more than one million new and replacement nurses will be needed by the year 2014. The problem is that many of the newly licensed nurses w ill not remain in nursing and will choose to leave the profession within four years of graduation from a nursing program (Sochalski, 2002). In a study by Bowles and Candela (2005), 30% of newly licensed RNs left their first nursing position within one year of employment, and 57% left their first nursing position within two years of employment.This study further provides evidence that adds to the case study done by Kovner, Brewer, and Djukic (2007) which also adds to data and evidence that nurses are leaving their profession due to lack of empowerment and motivation in hospitals. The nursing shortage and the high incidence of turnover among newly licensed nurses within the first year of employment need to be investigated. It is well documented that nurses are leaving the profession because they are dissatisfied with current working conditions and not because they are disenchanted with the ideal of nursing, which originally attracted them to the profession (Lynn Redman, 2005; Strachota, Normandin, OBrien, Clary, Krukow, 2003). There is limited research that addresses newly licensed registered nurses career choices post-graduation. The future of nursing rests in the ability to recruit and retain upcoming generations to the profession.Currently, however, there is limited knowledge concerning what influences the decisions of newly licensed registered nurses to remain in nursing. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify factors that influence newly licensed registered nurses decision to remain in nursing. The shortage of people entering professional nursing, nurses dissatisfaction, and high turnover of newly licensed registered nurses are issues of concern. The national shortage in the nursing workforce highlights the critical importance of encouraging nurses to remain in practice. Evidence suggests that a shortage of nurses is detrimental not only to quality of patient care, but also to staff morale, which in turn affects staff retention (Wilson, 2006). The socialization and assimilation of newly licensed nurses into the healthcare system is a pivotal event that influences the retention of nurses (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Sochalaski, Silber, 2002). Professional socialization and work readiness are contributing factors to the retention of newly licensed registered nurses. The transition from student to new nurse is a vital period in several ways. It is the quality of this transitional experience that is likely to influence new nurse retention (Clare van Loon, 2003; Duchsch er, 2001; Ewens, 2003). Professional socialization, a potential buffer to the effects of reality shock, includes the acquisition of knowledge, skills, identity, occupational traits, values, norms, and self-concept (Mamchur Myrick, 2003). The process of professional socialization, from career choice to transition to enculturation to the practice setting is influenced by others, especially other nurses (Beck, 2000; Hinds Harley, 2001). It is this initial professional socialization of nurses that will determine the success or failure of retaining new nurses in the healthcare workplace. The increasing complexity of health services and the acuity of patient care create an expectation by the healthcare organization that the new nurse will hit the ground running (Cowin Hengstberger-Sims, 2006, p. 61). Furthermore, Cowin and Hengstberger-Sims believe the workplace expects newly licensed nurses to quickly fulfill their potential as knowledgeable workers, but the health organization remune rates newly licensed nurses at the lowest possible pay scale. These researchers asserted that incongruencies such as high level of stress related to responsibility and high workloads paired with minimum pay compound the effects of reality shock of nurses new to the field. The healthcare workplace demands work readiness from its newest nurses and the partnership of responsibilit

Sources Of Finance For Marks And Spencers

Sources Of Finance For Marks And Spencers Marks Spencer is one of the leading retailers in UK with average 21 million customers visiting per week in stores. They provide with quality clothing, home products and food which is supplied by approximately 2000 suppliers all over the world. The company has 75,839 employees as evaluated in 2008 and has about 700 stores in UK. The 49% of the sales is occupied by clothing and home products while 51% is occupied by food products. Outside UK the company operates in approximately 40 other countries which include India, China and Indonesia etc. The companies 90% business comes from sales in UK while rest comes from overseas sales. Marks Spencer values Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. The company generated an overall revenue of  £9062.1 million as on 28th March, 2009. The overall profit was  £768.9 million of which  £652.8 million was generated from operations in UK and  £116.1 million from operations overseas. The case study takes into consideration the analysis of financial reports of Marks and Spencer and relates the academic principles of Corporate Finance with the analysis of the report. 2. SOURCES OF FINANCE 2.1 SHORT MEDIUM TERM FINANCE Trade Credit Trade Credit is finance obtained from suppliers of goods and services over the period between delivery of goods and the subsequent settlement of the account by the recipient. (Pike Neale, 2006) It is sometimes also called spontaneous finance as the company can enjoy the goods or benefit from the service provided without having to pay up. Common way of expressing the credit term is- 2/10 : net 30 This implies that the supplier will provide 2% discount if the money is payed back in 10 days otherwise the company has to pay full payment in 30 days. The length of the trade credit depends on certain factors like industry custom and practice, relative bargaining power and type of products. Factoring- Sometimes the suppliers need payment earlier than expected. Institutions called factors help by offering to purchase a firms debtors for cash. Factoring involves raising immediate cash based on the security of the companys debtors, thus accelerating payments from customers. Bank Credit Bank lending to companies is predominantly short term, although now it is also a valuable source of medium term finance. Overdrafts Overdrafts specify the amount that a company may withdraw either in forms of cash or cheques. Interest is charged on a daily basis depending on how much the company is overdrawn each day. Bank generally takes security which can be fixed charge (where overdraft is secured against specific asset) or floating charge (which offers security over all of the companys assets) Short Term Loans Short term loans are generally provided for more than 1 year. The bank can charge variable or fixed rate of interest. Usually fixed rate of interest is quite high. Variable rate of interest can be also in various forms: Bullet Loans Balloon Loans Revolvers It allows the borrowers to borrow, repay and re-borrow over the life of loan facility. Securitisation This is the practice whereby instead of lending money to customers, banks raise finance for them by arranging and selling to customers their securities like commercial papers often allowing lower interest rates. Bill Finance Bill allows the company to pay out a specific amount after a specific period of time. Bills of Exchange Trader purchasing goods from suppliers draws up a bill stating a promise to pay at some future date and its up to the supplier to keep the bill or sell it in the market at a discount if he needs the money earlier. Acceptance Credit It is a tie up between the company and the bank. The bank issues a bill for the company and company can use it at a later date. The bank can sell the bill in the market at a discounted price. If it does then the company collects the money from the company which bought the bill from the bank. Hire Purchase It may be simply defined as hiring with the option to purchase. On payments of final installment ownership of the asset passes to the customer. The inland revenues will generally permit the customer to claim and retain capital allowances provided that the option to purchase fee is less than the market value at the end of the contract term. Leasing A leasing transaction is a commercial arrangement whereby an equipment owner conveys the right to use the equipment in return for payment by equipment user of a specified rental over a pre-agreed period of time. (Pike Neale, 2006) 2.2 LONG TERM FINANCE Equity Shares are described as permanent capital because the funds supplied for their acquisitions are non-returnable in most circumstances other than in the event of a liquidation. Shares are issued at nominal value and are sold at the market price. Shareholders have a share in ownership of company and also have voting rights. Dividends are payed as a percentage return on their nominal value. A company can receive equity finance from various sources like Business Angels: Private equity investor with spare funds to invest who wishes to gamble on the future prospects of young companies. Venture Capital: Sale of equity to a specialist institution that may also provide management assistance. For e.g. 3i. Obtaining a Quotation (IPO) Preference Shares Preference shares are entitled to a fixed percentage dividend, which is paid before any profits are distributed to ordinary shareholders. Participating preference shares may be entitled to some extra dividend, over and above their fixed dividend entitlement. Convertible preference shares can be converted to ordinary shares. Cumulative preference shares have unpaid dividends that are carried forward and must be paid before dividends are paid to ordinary shareholders. Preference share holders do not qualify for tax relief. Debt Debentures Debentures are basically loan secured on company assets with floating or fixed interest rate. It is a multiple loan to the company in the sense that it is contributed by several people opposed to just one individual. Debenture holders are creditors but not members of the company. Loan Stock is a kind of debenture that is issued at face value. It is not secured on assets but effectively secured on firms earning power, thus more risky and lower ranking of payment. Debentures issued at large discounts and redeemable at par or above are known as Deep Discount Bonds. They are generally issued at low rate of interest but have cost of redemption. Mortgages It is a form of secured loan placing the title deeds of property with a lender as security for a cash loan. The interest is payable on the amount borrowed. Warrants They are rights given to investors allowing them to buy new shares in a company at a future date, at affixed given price. They are generally issued alongside unsecured debt as a bribe to potential investors. 2.3 SOURCES OF FINANCE IN MARKS SPENCER 2.3.1 Current Non-Current Liabilities Current liabilities are the one MS needs to pay within 1 year time whereas non-current liabilities are the one MS can pay any time after 1 year. As per the annual report for MS, Current Liability MS has short term loans in the form of Bank Loans and overdrafts worth  £147.9 millions. Syndicated Bank Facility worth  £781.2 million which relates to a  £1.2 bn committed bank revolving credit facility set to mature on 26 March, 2013. Finance Lease liability worth  £13.7 million. The average lease term for the equipment is 6 years and 125 years for property. Interest rates are fixed. Non-Current Liability Bank Loans worth  £11.2 million. Finance lease liabilities worth  £88.2 million. Medium-term notes worth  £ 2018.5 million. 2.3.2 Net Assets Equity Ordinary Share Capital Shares  £m Allotted, called up and fully paid ordinary shares of 25p each At start of year 1,586,478,423 396.6 Shares issued on exercise of share options 2,217,763 0.5 Share purchased in buy-back (10,901,267) (2.7) At end of year 1,577,794,919 394.4 2,217,763 ordinary shares having nominal value were allotted during the year under two schemes namely Save As You Earn (SAYE) Share Option scheme and Executive Share Option Scheme. In SAYE, the board may offer options to purchase ordinary shares in the company once in each financial year to those employees who enter into an HM Revenue Customs approved (SAYE) savings contract. In terms of Executive Share Option Scheme, the Board may offer options to purchase ordinary shares in the company to executive directors and senior managers at the market price on a date to be determined prior to the date of the offer. 10.9 million shares having a nominal value of  £2.7m were bought back and subsequently cancelled during the year in accordance with the authority granted by the share holders at the Annual General Meeting in July 2007. Share Premium Account A reserve setup to account for the issue of new shares at a price above their par value. (Pike Neale, 2006) In MS, Share Premium Account had  £ 236.2 m as on 28th March, 2009 out of which  £ 231.4 m were carried forward from previous year and  £ 4.8 m was from share issued on exercise of employee share options. Capital Redemption Reserve It is a reserve established when the firm buys its own shares in a scenario that result in loss of share capital. In MS it was worth  £ 2202.6 m. As discussed earlier  £ 2.7 m worth were purchased in buy back, thus added to the capital redemption reserve. Hedging Reserve Hedging is an attempt to minimize the risk of loss stemming from exposure to adverse foreign exchange rate movements. MS as on 28th March,2009 had  £ 62.6 m in Hedging Reserve. 2.3.3 Net Debt Cash Cash Equivalents It includes short term deposits with banks and other financial institutions, with an initial maturity of three months or less and credit card payment received within 48 hours. It was worth  £ 422.9 m for MS. Financial Assets MS has current and non-current assets worth  £ 53.1 m that includes unlisted investments and Listed UK Securities. Bank Loans Overdraft MS has current and non-current loans overdrafts that include  £ 4.0 m loan from the Hedge End Park Limited joint venture. Syndicated Bank Facility It relates to a  £ 1.2 bn committed bank revolving credit facility set to mature on 26 March 2013 and is worth  £ 781.2 m. Medium Term Notes These are notes that actually retire in 5 to 10 years. A corporate note continuously offered by a company to investors through a dealer. Investors can choose from differing maturities, ranging from nine months to 30 years. (Forbes Digital) In MS these notes are issued under MS plcs  £ 3bn European Medium Term Note Program and all pay interest annually. The medium term notes are worth  £1848.1 m. Finance Leases It is groups policy to lease certain of its properties and equipments under finance leases and is worth  £ 101.9 m. 3. COST OF CAPITAL 3.1 Weighted Average Cost of Capital 3.2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital for MS As seen earlier MS has capital in the form of debt and equity. To evaluate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, we need to evaluate Cost of Debt ( Kd) Cost of Equity ( Ke) Weight or proportion of debt equity Cost of Debt (Kd) To evaluate Kd, we need to find I = Interest paid for the debt MV(Market Value) = Total current Market Value of the Debt T = Corporate Tax if any As Kd = [I(1-T)] / MV X 100 Looking at the Annual Report we can see in Cash flows from financing activities that : I =  £ 197.1 m which is approximately 7.9% In Taxation Charges T = 28% In net Debt MV =  £ 2490.8 m Thus we can calculate Kd by putting in the values as: Kd = [ 197.1 m(1-.28)]/ 2490.8m X 100 = (141.912/2490.8) X 100 = 4.7 Cost of Equity To evaluate Ke, we need to evaluate D = Dividend on ordinary share capital MV = Market value of equity As Ke = (D/MV) X 100 Looking at the report we can find Net dividend = 22.5 p per share The total no. of shares at the end of the year = 1,577,794,919 The total Dividend D = .225 X 1,577,794,919 =  £ 355 m approx Market Value MV= .25 X 1,557,794,919 =  £ 394.4 m Therefore Ke = (D/MV) X 100 = (355/394.4) X 100 = 90 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Weighted Average Cost of Capital can be calculated by formula WACC = Ke[ E/(E+D) ] + Kd [ D/(E+D) ] Where E = Market Value of Companys Equity D = Market Value of Companys Debt Therefore WACC = 90[394.4/(394.4 + 2490.8)] + 4.7[2490.8/(394.4 + 2490.8)] = (90 X 0.135) + (4.7 X .86) = 12.15 + 4.902 = 17.052 % 3.3 Gearing Indicators for MS To be done Capital Gearing Capital Gearing = 4. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES An investment project is a series of cash inflows and outflows, typically starting with cash outflows (the initial investment outlay) followed by cash inflows and/or cash inflows in later periods. (Gotze, Northcott, Schuster, 2008) The financial manager needs to employ appraisal techniques in order to decide which projects to accept and which to reject because these decisions largely shapes the future of the business and its ability to manage its future operations. The project accepted must meet the financial criteria of the company, generally its a return greater than the cost of capital needed to finance it. 4.1 Return on Investment (Accounting Rate of Return) This approach expresses the profit before tax arising from an investment as a percentage of the total outlay on the investment. When using the return on investment approach the project which gives the highest ARR is the one that should be accepted. Difficulties arise with the method when the duration of the investment extends for more than one year, as it then becomes necessary to determine some representative profit and investment value for the duration of the project. Other problem is that profits are the results of receipts and outgoings and they do not represent cash transactions and the cash flow arising is not taken into account during the term of the investment. 4.2 Return on Investment (ARR) related to MS As per the annual reports of MS from year 2006 to 2009, MS has invested on property. The investment, depreciation Net Profit are described in the annual report related to property. The tax budgeted profits are assumed accordingly. Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 Investment  £ 38.5 m  £ 24.1 m  £ 24.3 m  £ 24.3 m Budgeted Profits  £ 4 m  £ 4 m  £ 32 m  £ 8 m Less Depreciation ( £ .1 m) ( £ .2 m) ( £.3 m) ( £ .5 m) Tax ( £ 9.6 m) ( £ 1.9 m) ( £ 4.7m) ( £ 1.1m) Net Profit ( £ 4.7 m)  £ 1.9 m  £ 27 m  £ 6.4 m The average profit for the four years would be: Average Profit = [ (4.7) + 1.9 + 27 + 6.4] / 4 = 29.6 / 4 =  £ 7.4 m We can compare this with the original investment made in four years: Average investment = [ 38.5 + 24.1 + 24.3 + 24.3] /4 =  £ 28.55 m By comparing, Avg Profit/ Investment= (7.4/28.55) X 100 = 24.91 % Thus the company can decide on whether the investment is good or not. 4.3 Payback This method refers to how quickly the incremental benefits that accrues to a company from an investment project payback the initial capital invested. When faced with a straight accept or reject decision it can provide a rule where projects are accepted if they payback the initial investment outlay within a certain predetermined time. In addition, the payback method can provide a rule when a comparison is required of the relative desirability of several mutually exclusive investments (Lumby, 1988). This method simply measures the time period taken until the profits generated from the investment equal the initial cost of investment. The advantage of Payback is that it focuses on risks in considering the period during which the investment remains outstanding. The drawback is that the method takes no account of cash inflows after payback, neither is there any attempt to consider reinvestment possibilities for incoming funds during the period prior to payback. 4.4 Payback related to M S With relation to MS, we again take the project of investment in property, plant equipment. We take the 2 investments made in 2008 and 2009 and compare them with assumptions made for returns in the following years. 2009 2008 Investment Outflow Year 0 ( £ 540. 8 m) ( £ 958.4 m) Cash Inflows Year 1  £ 58.3 m  £ 91.6 m Year 2  £ 142.6 m  £ 400.4 m Year 3  £ 222.4 m  £ 300.2 m Year 4  £ 100.4 m  £ 286.7 m Year 5  £ 143.7 m  £ 123.2 m Total cash Inflow  £ 667.1 m  £ 1202.1 m Now comparing the two projects of 2008 2009 we can see that payback for 2009 is 5 years and payback for project in 2008 is 4 years. Thus project that MS invested is 2008 is better in terms of investment. 4.5 Net Present Value Net Present Value is the net monetary gain (or loss) from a project, computed by discounting all present and future cash inflows and outflows related to the project. (Gotze, Northcott, Schuster, 2008) Using the NPV method, all future cash flows related to investment project are discounted back to time 0. In order to establish the cash flows arising from a project into their present values, it is necessary to establish the cash inflows and outflows arising from it, and what cost of capital should be used to evaluate such projects. In order to determine the NPV of a project, we need to list all the cashflows related to the project. The net cash flows are then discounted at the cost of capital using the formulae: Discount factor = 1/ (1+i) n where n represents the number of periods and i represents the cost of capital per period The general rule is that if NPV is positive, the project is accepted else it is rejected. 4.6 Net Present Value related to MS We assume the example that taken in the pay back technique for the year 2009 and we assume the cost of capital to be 10 %. Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.1)1 .909  £ 52.99 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.1)2 .826  £ 117.78 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.1)3 .751  £ 167.02 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.1)4 .683  £ 68.57 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.1)5 .621  £ 89.094 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 44.35 m) As we can see above the NPV for the project is negative thus this project should be rejected. 4.7 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return of a Project is that cost of capital which makes the net present value of a project equal to zero. If the cost of capital required to reduce the future cash flows to zero is greater than the companys cost of capital, then the project will be accepted because it gives a positive return for the business. 4.8 Internal Rate of Return related to MS In internal rate of return we need to assume cost of capital so that NPV nears 0. Thus we assume the cost of capital as 9% first. Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.09)1 .917  £ 53.46 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.09)2 .842  £ 120.06 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.09)3 .772  £ 171.69 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.09)4 .708  £ 71.08 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.09)5 .650  £ 93.40 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 31.10 m) Now we try with cost of capital as 7 % Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.07)1 .935  £ 54.51 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.07)2 .873  £ 124.48 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.07)3 .816  £ 181.48 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.07)4 .763  £ 76.6 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.07)5 .713  £ 102.45 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 1.7 m) As we can see that with cost of capital as 9% the NPV is  £ 31.10 m and with cost of capital 7% the NPV is  £ 1.7 m, thus it shows that NPV will be zero between 6 and 7 % cost of capital. As the companys cost of capital is 10 % and the cost of capital to make the NPV zero is between 6 7 %, thus this project cant be accepted as its less than the companys cost of capital.

Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays

Garden for the Blind â€Å"Some great gardens unfold like a narrative or a piece of music as we move through them and view their carefully choreographed wonders.† â€Å"To really know why San Francisco is not Paris you must sense it.† These words, quoted by Moore, Mitchell and Turnbull and Malnar and Vodvarka respectively (in Sensory Design), are what inspired me to create not only a garden for the blind, but a sense of place and feeling for those lacking sight. While reading the selected excerpts from both Sensory Design and The Rise of the Creative Class I realized that there is more to designing a garden for the blind than simply selecting plants with specific textures and scents; it is creating an entire place, a gestalt of the senses if you will, that creates a whole sense of being in the garden. Florida refers to creativity as â€Å"the process of destroying ones gestalt in favor of a better one.† My ideal garden for the blind creates a gestalt without a visual field. Using th e kinesthetic sense of the distinctive land behind Hume, along with carefully selected auditory, olfactory, and tactile experiences, the garden for the blind will create a gestalt of its own, where even a seeing person feels they no longer need their sight. I want to appeal to the senses, but not overwhelm them. This is why I decided to divide the garden almost into sections. The only predominate sense not divided at all will be sound. Ideally, in the center of the garden will be beautiful statue, with many curves and crevices, that also has running water (a bird bath would be perfect). While this might not work on the slopping land behind Hume, hopefully at least a small structure will be feasible and provide something else for the hands to explore as well as the constant, pleasing sound of running water. When walking through the butterfly rainforest with my eyes closed, my favorite part was when I was near water. The sound of water truly made me feel like I was in a nature scene; it also gave me a sense of direction and was remarkably soothing in a somewhat stressful situation (I do not normally walk through unfamiliar areas with my eyes closed). The sound of water is a must for my garden. Also providing sound, I want to attract birds. I read that Bee Balm is an excellent attractor of hummingbirds and butterflies (which I learned from the butterfly rainforest can create quite a sensation when they land on you). Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays Garden for the Blind â€Å"Some great gardens unfold like a narrative or a piece of music as we move through them and view their carefully choreographed wonders.† â€Å"To really know why San Francisco is not Paris you must sense it.† These words, quoted by Moore, Mitchell and Turnbull and Malnar and Vodvarka respectively (in Sensory Design), are what inspired me to create not only a garden for the blind, but a sense of place and feeling for those lacking sight. While reading the selected excerpts from both Sensory Design and The Rise of the Creative Class I realized that there is more to designing a garden for the blind than simply selecting plants with specific textures and scents; it is creating an entire place, a gestalt of the senses if you will, that creates a whole sense of being in the garden. Florida refers to creativity as â€Å"the process of destroying ones gestalt in favor of a better one.† My ideal garden for the blind creates a gestalt without a visual field. Using th e kinesthetic sense of the distinctive land behind Hume, along with carefully selected auditory, olfactory, and tactile experiences, the garden for the blind will create a gestalt of its own, where even a seeing person feels they no longer need their sight. I want to appeal to the senses, but not overwhelm them. This is why I decided to divide the garden almost into sections. The only predominate sense not divided at all will be sound. Ideally, in the center of the garden will be beautiful statue, with many curves and crevices, that also has running water (a bird bath would be perfect). While this might not work on the slopping land behind Hume, hopefully at least a small structure will be feasible and provide something else for the hands to explore as well as the constant, pleasing sound of running water. When walking through the butterfly rainforest with my eyes closed, my favorite part was when I was near water. The sound of water truly made me feel like I was in a nature scene; it also gave me a sense of direction and was remarkably soothing in a somewhat stressful situation (I do not normally walk through unfamiliar areas with my eyes closed). The sound of water is a must for my garden. Also providing sound, I want to attract birds. I read that Bee Balm is an excellent attractor of hummingbirds and butterflies (which I learned from the butterfly rainforest can create quite a sensation when they land on you).

My Senior Year :: essays research papers

My senior year is very important and that is why I must use it efficiently. There are many things I hope to accomplish during my senior year. Graduation is my top priority because if I do not graduate my future will be in jeopardy. Clubs and extra activities are very important for college acceptance. I hope to get certified in the areas in which I have been training for. Getting into college so that I can be successful is the main goal in my life is. I hope to get accepted to a college or university by the end of my senior year. My schedule will be busy but I will hopefully have a future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grades are one of the most important factors of my high school career. My grade point average and my SAT's determine what college I go to. They determine my effort at high school. I must do whatever possible to keep my grade point average above 3.0. My GPA currently is ok, but if I could increase it by just .2 I would be much better off. Grades are very crucial for getting acceptance to college. They are one of the major things that colleges look at to accept you (or so I have been told). So I will keep pushing myself so that my grades will increase this year, making it possible for me to hopefully enter a better school then I can right now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My extra activities are important so that I can get accepted in to colleges instead of other people. I have been training to get certified in computer repair; I hope to finally get certified this year. Work experience and the laptop club are activities that I joined in hope of filling up space on college applications, giving an extra edge (something to make me better then others). Any computer or business related extra activities would help me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College is the main goal of my life. It is a life dream to go to college to get a degree and get a successful job. Everything that I have done until this point is to get to college. During my senior year I plan to apply to many colleges and to take the SAT's to get into college. My GPA and SAT scores will be crucial for me to get into college. With college I will further my business career, making more successful in the field I enjoy doing.

Sir Isaac Newton Essay examples -- Biography Accomplishments of Isaac

Why do things fall when we drop them? How come we do not float as we would on the moon? Where do the colors of a rainbow come from? How long would it take to drive across Colorado if you are constantly changing speeds? All of these questions can now be answered, largely impart because of the great English philosopher, Sir Isaac Newton. In a time where religion was at war with science, Isaac Newton opened up people's minds to theories and reason. Isaac Newton was to be the starburst of the Enlightenment. He became the foundation of enlightened thought. It was the 17th century, the time of the Scientific Revolution. Many brilliant men contributed to this time, but it was Newton who solidified their thoughts and theories (Margaret, 10). Isaac Newton is one of the most influential people in the world. He not only invented so many new concepts and ideas, but he brought an understanding of the universe that we live in to people across the world. Isaac Newton not only c hanged the world with the invention of calculus, but also with his theory of light and color, and his invention of physical science and the law of universal gravitation (Margaret, 11). To begin with, Isaac Newton laid down the foundations for differential and integral calculus. It all began when Newton was enrolled at Cambridge College, the University that helped him along in his studies. Here, he began reading what ever he could find, especially if it had something to do with mathematics. He read books on geometry by Descartes, algebra books by John Wallis, and eventually developed the binomial theorem which was a shortcut in multiplying binomials (Margaret, 46). Newton was 22 at this time and he was already going beyond other people's thinking.... ...e began by mastering mathematics. He developed calculus in order for him to find the rate of change of objects. He learned about light and colors, which lead to his invention of the refracting telescope. He was the man that finally built a model of astronomy and physics and in doing so, brought together the work of Kepler and Galileo and of course his own findings on gravity (Margaret, 90). Newton was the first scientist ever to be honored with a knighthood for his work (Christianson, 138). Newton saw far, farther than anyone else at this time. He changed the world, and opened people's eyes. Work Cited Anderson, Margaret. Isaac Newton: The Greatest Scientist of All Time. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers; Revised edition, 2008. Christianson, Gale. Isaac Newton: And the Scientific Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.